从尚书台到丞相府--蜀汉前期最高军政机构的演变

From the Imperial Secretariat(Shangshu Tai尚书台)to the Prime Minister’s Office(丞相府)-Evolution of the Supreme Military and Political Institutions in the Early Stage of the Shu-Han Dynasty(220-280)

刘备称汉中王后,其左将军府改称大司马府,并建立了尚书台。他称帝后取消了大司马府,由尚书台统领全国要务,削夺了外朝官员主要是诸葛亮的职权。刘备去世后,诸葛亮成立丞相府,总揽全国军政事务并兼领益州牧,将后主与辅政的李严排除在决策领域之外。他领兵北伐的7年中丞相府常设在汉中,遥控朝政,带子息在身边,不再回朝面君,并于成都设立留守相府,对后主严密监视限制,其丞相府的性质可视为权臣控制皇帝和朝廷的统治机构“霸府”。

Liu Bei,a Chinese warlord in the late Eastern Han Dynasty who would later become the founding emperor of Shu Han(220-280),declared himself“King of Hanzhong”and set up his headquarters in Chengdu.Liu renamed his‘Office of the Commander of the Left Domain’(左将军府)as‘Office of the Grand Marshal(大司马府)’,and established the Imperial Secretariat(Shangshu Tai尚书台).He later abolished the‘Office of the Grand Marshal(大司马府)’and bestowed on the Imperial Secretariat(Shangshu Tai尚书台)full power to handle state affairs,weakening the power of outer-court officials,particularly Prime Minister Zhuge Liang.After the demise of Liu Bei,Zhuge Liang established the Prime Minister’s Office(丞相府)to assume overall responsibility for state military and political affairs,while serving concurrently as Protector of Yizhou(益州牧).Such moves excluded Liu Shan—the son and successor of Liu Bei—and his chief secretary Li Yan from the decisionmaking process.During the seven years of his series of Northern Expeditions,Zhuge Liang virtually headquartered his Prime Minister’s Office(丞相府)in Hanzhong,from where he exercised remote control over state affairs.With his son beside him,Zhuge Liang refrained from going back to Chengdu to ask for an audience with the emperor,as would have been done previously.Meanwhile,he still kept a parallel Prime Minister’s Office in Chengdu to keep close and constant watch over Emperor Liu Shan.In this sense,the Prime Minister’s Office in Chengdu could be viewed as the General Staff(Bafu霸府)entrusted with the task of controlling the emperor and the court on the part of omnipotent ministers.