福岛核污染水监测国际合作机制构建

Establishing a mechanism for international cooperation for Fukushima nuclear‑contaminated water monitoring

日本政府强推福岛核污染水排海的行为,将人类置于了巨大的核安全风险当中。对福岛核污染水进行监测,是应对核污染水排海风险、各方主体寻求权益救济的逻辑起点。构建核污染水监测国际合作机制,既是防范福岛核污染水排海风险的需要,也为应对任何可能效仿日本的核污染水处置行为奠定框架基础。当前,核安全保障、海洋环境保护等领域的国际法制度,相关主体对国际原子能机构(IAEA)监测报告的质疑、历次核事故的监测实践以及诸多放射性监测机制的建立等,均为构建核污染水监测国际合作机制提供了制度与实践基础。福岛核污染水监测国际合作机制的构建,可以由IAEA基于其现有机制推进,也可以由中国、俄罗斯、韩国、朝鲜以及太平洋岛国等利益攸关方共同建立。该国际合作机制具体包含三个层面的内容:其一是基本法律体系框架,包括确立国家主权、利益相关、程序公正等基本合作原则,以及签订“福岛核污染水监测合作框架公约”及其任择议定书,作为核污染水监测国际合作的法律基础。其二是组织机构及其职责,可以设立缔约方大会作为决策议事机构、组建福岛核污染水监测事务秘书处作为中枢协调机构,并设立多个领域的监测委员会作为具体执行机构。其三是核污染水监测国际合作的具体制度安排,涉及核污染水监测标准规范、监测网与监测站的管理制度、核污染水监测程序规则以及监测数据使用规则等内容。中国作为利益相关国家,在亟须对福岛核污染水做出科学、公正监测的形势下,中国可以通过以下路径推进核污染水监测国际合作机制的构建:(1)全面厘清构建核污染水监测国际合作机制的影响因素,明确利益攸关方的价值立场、利益诉求、合作内容以及相关国际关系。(2)可以考虑在既有实践基础上,通过制定专项政策制度、设立专门性监测机构、建立系统化监测网络体系,完善我国应对福岛核污染水排海风险的监测机制。(3)创新福岛核污染水排海风险的传播机制、基于人类命运共同体理念加大对福岛核污染水监测国际合作议题的设置,积极推动利益攸关主体参与福岛核污染水监测国际合作机制的构建。

The Japanese government’s unilateral decision on discharging the nuclear-contaminated water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant into the ocean has placed human beings in the midst of endless nuclear safety risks.Monitoring the contaminated water is a starting point to combat these risks and seek remedies for the rights and interests of all parties concerned.The establishment of a mecha-nism for international cooperation in this respect is necessary to handle the risks of the Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water and to lay the foundation for a framework responding to any disposal of nuclear-contaminated water that may follow Japan’s example.At present,the international legal systems in the spheres of nuclear safety and security,marine environmental protection,and other areas,as well as the questioning of the monitoring reports of the IAEA by the relevant parties,the monitoring practices of historical nuclear accidents,and nu-merous radioactivity monitoring mechanisms,have provided an institutional and practical basis for the construction of such a mechanism.The mechanism can be promoted by the IAEA based on its existing mechanisms,or it can be jointly initiated by China,the Russian Feder-ation,Republic of Korea,the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the Pacific island countries,among other stakeholders.Specifi-cally,this mechanism should consist of three levels:first,the framework of the basic legal system,including basic cooperative principles of national sovereignty,interest-relatedness,and procedural fairness,and the signing of the Framework Convention on the Monitoring of Fuku-shima Nuclear-Contaminated Water and its Optional Protocol;second,the organizational structure and its responsibilities,which may in-clude the Conference of Parties as the decision-making body,the Secretariat as the central coordinating body,and the monitoring commit-tees in various fields as specific implementing agencies;and third,specific administrative arrangements,which involve the standardization of monitoring,the management system of monitoring networks and stations,the rules for monitoring procedures,and the rules for the utiliza-tion of the monitoring data,etc.With the urgent need for scientific and fair monitoring of Fukushima’s nuclear-contaminated water,China,as a stakeholder country,can promote the establishment of such a mechanism for monitoring nuclear-contaminated water through the fol-lowing paths:①It is necessary to clarify the factors affecting the costruction of an international cooperation mechanism for monitoring nu-clear contaminated water,so as to ascertain the standpoints of the stakeholders,claims of their interests,contents of their cooperation,and the relevant international relations.②On the basis of the existing practices,it should consider improving the monitoring mechanism to cope with the risks of the discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water by formulating special policies and systems,setting up spe-cialized monitoring institutions,and establishing a systematic monitoring network system.③It is the essential way for our country to ac-tively promote the participation of stakeholders in the construction of an international cooperation mechanism for monitoring nuclear-con-taminated water in Fukushima by further innovating the dissemination mechanism for the risk of Fukushima’s nuclear-contaminated water discharging into the sea and increasing the setup of issues for international cooperation in monitoring Fukushima’s nuclear-contaminated water based on the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind.