阴阳合同与合同变更的区分及适用——以《民法典合同编通则解释》第14条为中心

Differentiation and Application of Yin Yang Contracts and Contract Changes:Centered around Article 14 of the Interpretation of the General Principles of Contract Compilation of the Civil Code

阴阳合同是当事人以虚假意思表示隐藏真实意思表示的行为,应依据《民法典》第146条分别认定阳合同与阴合同的效力。《招标投标法》第46条第1款第二句旨在限制当事人对中标合同的变更,其适用以中标合同有效为前提。因此,为落实该规定而制定的司法解释也应仅适用于合同变更,而非阴阳合同。在阴阳合同的场合,阳合同因不是当事人真实意思表示而无效,但阴合同则应依据所规避的法律来认定其效力。当事人通过合同变更规避招投标程序,应认为当事人对实质性内容的变更无效,但客观原因引起的合同变更除外;在判断是否为实质性内容的变更时,也要注意量变和质变的辩证关系。《民法典合同编通则解释》第14条在区分阴阳合同和合同变更的基础上,就二者的法律适用问题作出了明确规定。

Yin Yang contract refers to the act of the parties concealing their true intention through false expression of intention,and the validity of the Yang contract and the Yin contract should be determined separately according to Article 146 of the Civil Code.The second sentence of Article 46,Paragraph 1 of the Tendering and Bidding Law aims to restrict the parties from changing the winning contract,and its application is based on the validity of the winning contract.Therefore,judicial interpretations formulated to implement this provision should only apply to contract changes,rather than yin-yang contracts.In the case of a yin-yang contract,the yang contract is invalid because it is not the true expression of the parties,but the effectiveness of the yin-yang contract should be determined based on the avoided law.If a party avoids the bidding process through contract changes,it should be considered that the party's changes to substantive content are invalid,except for contract changes caused by objective reasons;when determining whether it is a change in substantive content,attention should also be paid to the dialectical relationship between quantitative and qualitative changes.Article 14 of the Interpretation of the General Principles of Contract Compilation of the Civil Code provides clear provisions on the legal application of Yin Yang contracts and contract amendments based on the distinction between them.