乡土重建与社会传统——20世纪三四十年代费孝通的思考

Rural Reconstruction and Social Tradition:Fei Xiaotong’s Idea in the 1930s-1940s

20世纪三四十年代,作为人类学家的费孝通着力激活中国社会生活传统,以复原乡村世界的有机循环,戛戛独辟一条乡土重建之路。与一般乡村建设者倡导的消费性事业不同,费孝通的重建规划将与乡民生计密切相关的工业生产置于显著地位,在技术上进行改良,在经营环境上继续保持分散性、兼业性和就地性等传统,使近代以来脱栓的乡土工业“齿轮”重新复位。为促成近代工业技术知识下乡,费孝通将传统知识人所葆有的桑梓情谊纳入民族—国家意识的塑造过程中,从而赋予传统意识以近代意义;在筹措工业资本的过程中,他发现勤俭持家、光耀门楣和注重实利等农人德行,具有历久弥新的动员力。成全人性的传统手艺精神在近代乡土工业中的保持,让费孝通确信,机器的使用并不必然导致人和工具之间的关系异化,而可以成为加强乡村共同体生活关系的力量。民国时期费孝通关于乡土重建的理论贡献给我们以诸多方法论的启迪。

In the 1930s-1940s,Fei Xiaotong,an anthropologist,exerted himself to activating the Chinese social life traditions in order to recover the organic cycle of the rural world,and creatively opened up a unique path for rural reconstruction.Different from the expenditure undertaking advocated by ordinary village builders,Fei Xiaotong gave top priority to the industrial production which was closely related to the livelihood of the villagers in the reconstruction plan.Fei made technological improvements,and maintained the traditions of the business environment such as being decentralized,