鲜卑金器的形制、制作与演变

A Review of Xianbei Goldware in Shape,Manufacture and Evolution in History

檀石槐鲜卑系统金器包括马形牌饰、鹿形牌饰、漩涡纹耳饰等,呈现出与中原文化反差强烈的文化面貌。该系统金器为了解鲜卑金匠、金器制作及其文化传承提供了重要线索。其设计内涵在于追求草原情感因素的表达,以及对欧亚草原西部图像造型的借鉴。檀石槐鲜卑系统金器主要发现于檀石槐鲜卑大联盟的东部和西部,中部很少见,这一特点应与檀石槐鲜卑王庭、制作部落和金矿资源的分布有关。其中塔坨墓地所属部落后来成为段氏鲜卑集团的一部分,使段氏掌握了金器原料和生产技术,一度势力强大。段氏被慕容鲜卑吞并后,其金器技术又促进了三燕金器的发展和兴盛。三燕金器最具代表性的器物步摇冠,是鲜卑金匠将汉式与草原风格两方特点糅合后创造出的新形式。

Quite different from the products of central plains by feature,the Tanshihuai-Xianbei gold artifacts mainly consisting of horse-shaped plate,deer-shaped plate,swirlypatterned earrings,etc.are infused with the thought and emotion of the Grassland in design and take in the western Eurasian steppe in pattern,which make the approaches to understanding the Xianbei goldsmiths,goldware-making and the embodied cultural inheritance as well.That the Tanshihuai-Xianbei goldware are discovered in the east and the west of Tanshihuai-Xianbei Grand alliance much more than the central area is probably decided by the distribution of the Xianbei royal court,workshops of tribes and gold mines in geography,of which is there the tribe of Tatuo cemetery as the part of the Duans-Xianbei Group makes the the Duans dominate over the industry for a time with the raw materials and processing techniques under control.After annexed by Murong-Xianbei,the Duans promotes the Sanyan goldware to be growing and flourishing with its advanced techniques.Buyao crown as the most representative of Sanyan gold artifacts is the innovation of the Xianbei goldsmith,which mixes the Han-Grassland styles.