继承与调和:乾隆帝与宫廷萨满祭祀

Inheritance and Harmonization: Emperor Qianlong and theShamanism Ritual in the Royal Palace

满族萨满祭祀传统由来已久,且屡经变革。满人入关后,萨满祭祀被纳入宫廷祭祀。到乾隆朝呈衰微之势。乾隆帝为挽救其颓势,纂修《钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼》,并对祭祀内容、人员和时间进行调整。调整后的宫廷萨满祭祀既具有典制化、皇族化特点,亦呈现满汉合流趋势。与此同时,祭祀的具体实施却较为宽松,不仅皇帝亲往致祭屈指可数,选派致祭大臣也相对随意,祭祀日期更是频繁更改。因此,乾隆帝完善萨满祭祀的初衷,并非在宫廷中实现满汉文化的“分庭抗礼”,而是在二者日益融通的背景下,重新调和满洲传统与国家祭祀关系,并把它纳入有效治理统一多民族国家的大格局之中。

Shamanism sacrifice has a long history through changes and reforms,which was getting along with the royal sacristies in the court after the Manchu crossed the Pass to enter the central land,but declining by the Qianlong era.So,Emperor Qianlong ordered to compile the‘Imperially Commissioned Rituals for Worshipping the Deities and the Heaven in Manchu’(钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼)with the modified content,personnel and timing for the ritual in order to reverse this trend.The reform made the Shamanism sacrifice formal and royal,above all,with the embodiment of the Manchu-Han cultures blends.The actual execution of the rituals was flexible,the emperor rarely attending by himself,the randomselected ministers giving offering,and the date of rituals adjusted frequently.What is analyzed above suggests that Emperor Qianlong’s reform to the Shaman rituals was to fulfill the inheritance and harmonization of the Manchu tradition and national sacrifices.