国家治理视角下清初逃人法的政治困境——以顺治时期“窝隐逃人罪”的立法与司法实践为中心

Political Predicament of the Fugitive Law from the Perspective of State Governance in the Early Qing:Focusing on the Legislative and Jurisdictive Practices on the Crime of Harboring Fugitive Banner Slaves

清初为整治旗下奴仆逃亡的“逃人”问题而出台严酷的“逃人法”,对窝隐逃人的行为惩罚特重,成为清初“虐政”之一。“重惩窝隐”的规定发轫于入关之初根据明律制定的临时管制措施,在满人推动下升格形成正式法律制度。因应于清朝国家构建进程,“窝逃罪”惩治措施在“逃人法”历次修订中争议频现,顺治中叶一度有着缓和倾向,旋因满人保守势力反击而于顺治十一年(1654年)修订后重归于严。由于“逃人法”于立法之初未能妥善处理逃人辨识问题,加上满汉关系问题对司法制度干扰,“重惩窝逃”措施不仅在处理逃人问题时未能表现出足够效能,更带来了严重的副作用,危害地方社会,并且深入国家治理的过程中,成为地方政府施治的巨大阻碍。

The early Qing introduced a harsh"Fugitive Law"to prevent Han slaves from fleeing from their bannerman masters.This law is known as a harsh policy for its severity punishment for those harboring escaping slaves,The punishment was even harsher than that for the escaping slaves.Stemming from an inappropriate Ming regulation,this regulation was originally implemented as a temporary measure,but was soon formalized as a part of Qing legal code.In response to the making of statecraft,the punishment for harboring escaping slaves was once changed in the middle of the Shunzhi rule,but was reenacted in 1654 by the conservative Manchu ruling class.Since the shortcomings of the legislation and heavy political intervention in this matter,this measure only failed to prevent slaves from escaping and jeopardized the reputation of local governance as a result.