20世纪意大利史学演进路径探析

An Analysis of the Development of Italian Historiography in the 20th Century

与17、18世纪繁荣发展的法德史学相较,后文艺复兴时代的意大利史学陷入了虽有进步却创新性不足的客观迟滞状态。进入19世纪后半叶,随着德国文化的影响力日盛,历史主义思潮在意大利盛行。以克罗齐为代表的史学家立足于意大利文化与史学传统,将“德国历史主义”发展为“意大利历史主义”,也由此形成了差异化的意大利史学发展路径。以葛兰西为代表的学者在对克罗齐“绝对历史主义”的批判性反思中,发展了马克思主义的历史文化维度、推动了马克思主义史学的“意大利化”。战后马克思主义史学在新的社会与政治环境中不断演化,推动了历史观“自上而下”的转向、拓宽了研究视野、促进了史学方法的多元化,这成为微观史学诞生于意大利的左翼历史背景。在格兰迪、莱维、金兹堡等人的积极探索下,微观史学成为当代意大利史学的杰出代表,呈现出以小见大的鲜明特征。20世纪的意大利史学在历史主义、马克思主义、微观史学等多种史学思潮的碰撞、交流、融合之中反思其史学实践、重塑了意大利史学精神。

In contrast to the Franco-German historiography,which flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries,post-Renaissance Italian historiography fell into an objective state of oggettivo ritardo that was slowly progressive but not sufficiently innovative.The second half of the 19th century saw the rise of historicism in Italy due to the growing influence of German culture.Based on the Italian cultural and historiographic tradition,the historians represented by Croce developed“German historicism”into“Italian historicism”,which paved a differentiated path for the development of Italian historiography.In a critical reflection of Croce's“Absolute Historicism”,scholars represented by Gramsci developed the historical-cultural dimension of Marxism and promoted the“Italianization”of Marxist historiography.After the Second World War,Marxist historiography evolved in the new social and political environment.Microhistory was born in Italy due to the left-wing background created by the“top-down”shift of historical view,the expansion of research fields,and the diversification of research methods.Edoardo Grendi,Giovanni Levi,Carlo Ginzburg,and others'active exploration of microhistory has made it a distinctive feature of contemporary Italian historiography.In the 20th century,Italian historiography reflected on its historical practice and reshaped its spirit in the context of the collision,exchange and fusion of historical ideas such as historicism,Marxism and microhistory.