《左传》所引《诗经》的音乐形式、结构与组合考

Research of the Musical Forms, Structures and Combinations of the Shijing Cited in Zuozhuan

《左传》所引《诗经》是“歌诗”“诵诗”“赋诗”,均可归为声乐的诗乐形式。“歌诗”重在歌唱,多作礼制仪式用乐,由乐工表演,歌唱时有瑟作伴奏。“诵诗”与“赋诗”重在“吟咏”。这些乐诗涉及《诗经》中的《风》《雅》《颂》,而以《风》《雅》诗篇为主。从其唱词分析,《风》《雅》乐诗歌曲结构趋同,显示出俗乐对诗乐结构的影响。结合各类乐诗的组合使用可以看出,春秋时期礼乐用《诗》的等级规制已被打破,呈现出礼乐发展的衰迟之势。

The Shijing [The Book of Songs] quoted in Zuozhuan [The Chronicle and Commentary of Zuo]are Geshi [Aria Poem], Songshi [Recitative Poetry] and Fushi [Narrative Lyric], all can be categorized into vocal music that in the form of Shiyue [musical poems]. The Geshi focus on melody singing, and is mostly used for rituals and ceremonies, which is performed by musicians and accompanied by Se [ancient plucked zither]. The Songshi and Fushi mainly performs in the form of Yiyong [chanting]. These Yueshi exists in the Feng [Airs of the State], Ya [Elegies] and Song [Odes] of Shijing, and the psalms in the first two being the main part. Analyzed the lyrics, the form of the Yueshi in the Feng and Ya poems are similar, showing the influence of secular music on the structure of Shiyue. Based on the observation of the combined use of various types of musical poem, we can further prove that the hierarchical rules of using Shi [Poetry] for ritual music in the Spring and Autumn Period has been broken, representing the tendency of decline in the history of ritual music.