美国先进制造产业政策:演化特征与内在逻辑——兼论美国“新产业政策”的形成

US Advanced Manufacturing Industrial Policies:Evolutionary Characteristics and Internal Logic-Formation of New American Industrial Policy

近年来,随着美国在半导体等战略性产业领域实施选择性产业政策和大国竞争导向的抑他性产业政策,对于美国产业政策的争论再起。美国先进制造产业政策演化遵循对内发展和对外竞争两条逻辑主线,确保“美国优先”的功能性政策从未弱化,其中隐性的竞争性政策是美国产业政策的基石,应激性政策是美国灵活掌握的惯用产业政策,防御性政策随着“美国优先”和大国竞争意识强化而有所加强。美国近年选择性产业政策比重明显上升且显性化,拜登政府时期具有防御性和应激性的抑他性产业政策快速增加,成为美国“新产业政策”的标志。美国政府试图以“强产业政策”积极嵌入市场经济体系,弥补市场不足甚至形塑产业链和市场体系,越来越表现出“企业型政府”特征。美国先进制造产业政策包含许多值得借鉴的经验,同时美国不断升级保护主义破坏全球经济秩序、罔顾产业发展规律实施“脱钩断链”以及“以邻为壑”的发展模式也为其持续发展埋下隐患。

In recent years,the debate over the US industrial policies has resurfaced with the country's implementation of selective industrial policies and great power competition-oriented industrial policies aimed at suppressing other countries in strategic industries such as semiconductors.The evolution of the US advanced manufacturing industrial policies features internal development and external competition,ensuring the persistence of the America First Policy,of which the implicit competitive policies serve as the cornerstones of the US industrial policies,the responsive policies are conventional ones flexibly employed by the US,and the defensive policies have been strengthened to align with the heightened consciousness of America First and great power competition.The proportion of selective industrial policies in the US has increased significantly in recent times,and the defensive and responsive industrial policies aimed at suppressing other countries have increased rapidly,which has become the symbol of the new industrial policies in the US during Biden's presidency.The US government tries to actively integrate itself into the market economy system through the implementation of“strong industrial policies,”in a bid to compensate for shortcomings in the market system and even shape industrial chains and market system,and increasingly show the characteristics of an“entrepreneurial government.”The US advanced manufacturing industrial policies offer salutary lessons,while at the same time,the US escalating protectionism that spells trouble for the global economic order,its decoupling and breaking chains measures and“beggar-thy-neighbor”development mode that ignore the law of industrial development pose hidden risks to its sustained development.