遵“古”而行与以俗入礼——论西汉中期郊祀改革中“古制”的文化实质

Following the Ancient System and Introducing Customs into Rites: On the Cultural Essence of “Ancient System” in the Reform of Suburb Sacrifice in the Middle Western Han Dynasty

秦至西汉中期,关东方士在参与国家祭祀改革时,多以“古制”为据。但方士所言“古制”并非真正的上古三代之制,而是战国时期关东六国,尤其是齐国的祭祀礼制。相较于源自秦地且在秦至西汉中期被奉为国家最高祭祀的雍五帝祭祀而言,这些关东祭祀制度属于“小传统”,即与国家之“礼”相对的地方之“俗”。关东方士之所以要将关东之“俗”建构为上古三代之“礼”,一方面是因为伴随着广域集权国家的建立,三代时期“礼”“俗”有机互动的体制遭到破坏,“礼”确立了对“俗”的绝对优势地位;另一方面,将战国之制婉饰为“古制”也顺应了西汉文帝朝以来的“奉天法古”思潮。

From the Qin Dynasty to the middle of the Western Han Dynasty,the alchemists of the Eastern Shaanxi region,when participating in the national sacrificial reform,mostly relied on the so-called“ancient system”.However,the“ancient system”referred to by the alchemists was not the true system of the Xia-Shang-Zhou Dynasties,but mostly the sacrificial rites and systems of the six states in the Eastern Shaanxi region,especially the Qi state,during the Warring States period.These sacrificial systems in the Eastern Shaanxi region belong to the category of“small tradition”compared to the sacrificial offerings of Five Emperor in Yong,which originated from the Qin State and was regarded as the highest sacrifice of the empire from the Qin Dynasty to the middle of the Western Han Dynasty.The former were in a religious position of“custom”in a place opposite to the“ritual”of the empire.The reason why the alchemists constructed the“customs”of the Eastern Shaanxi region as the“rites”of the Xia-Shang-Zhou Dynasties was,on the one hand,that with the establishment of the unified empire of the Qin and Han dynasties,the system of organic interaction between“rites”and“customs”was destroyed,and“rites”established an absolute advantage over“customs”.On the other hand,dressing up the system of the Warring States as an“ancient system”also conforms to the trend of thought of“Worshiping Heaven and Legalism”that has emerged since the Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty.