霞浦摩尼教灯仪与波斯宗教在华之递嬗

Manichean Lighting Ritual in Xiapu and the Evolution of Persian Religion in China

2008年以来,在福建霞浦发现的摩尼教科仪书中,多有关于燃灯仪式的记载,尤其在《点灯七层科册》《奏申牒疏科册》和《祷雨疏》中最为频见,其功用主要集中在奉请神明、修持功德、禳灾拔度上。然而原始摩尼教乃至拜火教文献中均无礼灯、燃灯仪式的记载,反而在中国境内流传的佛教、道教、祆教以及闽地的民间宗教仪轨中,或多或少出现了灯仪。摩尼教灯仪并非是其原生的仪轨,而是在东传后受到中原文化影响,主要是通过汲取中原地区流行的华化佛教、道教乃至本土民间信仰的宗教仪式而成。祆教虽在燃灯仪式上和摩尼教具有相似性,但霞浦摩尼教灯仪与祆教灯仪并无直接联系。

Since 2008,many records of lighting ritual in the Manichean ritual books have been found in Xiapu,especially in Volume of the Record of Seven-level Candle Lighting Rituals(《点灯七层科仪》),Rules Regarding Memorials,Notifications,Mandates,and Statements(奏申牒疏科册)and Commentary on Praying for Rain(《祈雨疏》),the main functions being praying for gods,upholding merits and virtues,eliminating disaster and rescuing the dead.However,there is no record of lighting ritual in the original Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism,on the contrary,in Buddhism,Taoism,Mazdaism and folk religious rituals in Fujian,there are more or less lighting rituals.It shows that Manichaeist lighting ritual is not its original ritual but is gradually produced under the influence of the Chinese culture after being spread to the East,and it is mainly formed by absorbing the popular Chinese Buddhism,Taoism and local folk beliefs.Although Mazdaism is similar to Manichaeism in lighting rituals,Xiapu Manichaeism is not directly related to Zoroastrianist lighting rituals.