加拿大多支柱养老金体系:改革历程、典型经验与中国镜鉴

Canada's Multi-Pillar Pension System:Reform History,Typical Experience,and China's Enlightenments

作为多支柱养老金体系结构相对均衡、保障水平较为充分的典范,加拿大养老金体系改革的核心经验在于多管齐下、循序渐进。一方面,加拿大通过优化缴费基数和征缴方案,以及建立早减晚增的领取退休金年龄机制为第一支柱公共养老金可持续发展奠定了坚实基础;另一方面,加拿大通过税收优惠等缴费激励机制、灵活的账户制等参与机制、多元化投资等运营机制设计,极大地提升了二三支柱私人养老金的参保水平和保障水平。未来中国养老金体系改革首先需要明确不同支柱养老金制度在整个养老金体系中的定位,同时要重视私人养老金制度参与者内生动力培育和政府激励机制建设,此外还需要重视制度设计的灵活性和投资效率的提升。

As an example of a multi-pillar pension system with a relatively balanced structure and a more ade-quate level of protection,the core experience of Canada's pension system reform lies in a multi-pronged,step-by-step approach.On the one hand,Canada has laid a solid foundation for the sustainable development of the first pil-lar of public pension by optimizing the contribution base and collection plan,as well as establishing a mechanism for early reduction and late increase in retirement age;On the other hand,through the design of contribution incen-tives such as tax incentives,participation mechanisms such as a flexible account system,and operational mecha-nisms such as diversified investment,Canada has greatly enhanced the level of participation and protection of the second and third pillar private pensions.The future reform of China's pension system firstly needs to clarify the po-sitioning of different pillar pension systems in the whole pension system,and at the same time to emphasize the cultivation of endogenous motivation of private pension system participants and the construction of governmental incentive mechanism,in addition to the flexibility of the system design and the improvement of investment efficien-cy.