水产资源刑法保护的实践面向与规范适用研究

Study on the Practical Orientation and Normative Application of the Criminal Law Protection of Aquatic Resources

我国行政法和刑法对水产资源双重保护的法律体系已经形成。水产资源行政保护规范的专门化设置和刑法保护规范的精细化调整对司法实践的理性化规制提出了新要求。水产资源刑法保护司法实践呈现出违法性判断中实质性解释欠缺、罪量要素违法评价机能缺位以及共同责任与上下游责任界定模糊的特征,需要从罪质、罪量和关联责任方面进行完善。水产资源刑法保护的罪质厘定,应在厘清水产资源犯罪双重违法性的评判立场与认定路径的前提下,对水产资源犯罪危害行为的时空要素和手段要素进行实质解释。水产资源犯罪“情节严重”的罪量标准呈现出“以侵害方式为主、犯罪数额为辅”的二元评价模式,宜准确把握犯罪数额要素的多维嬗变,对侵害方式要素进行有限化出罪,明确兜底性规定的一般判断规则和特殊情形中的规范借力。水产资源共同犯罪责任的划定以二元审查机制为基础,具体要依照共同犯罪的组织方式和行为特点进行类型化分析,对水产资源上下游犯罪责任判别的关键词要精准解释。

The legal system of dual protection of aquatic resources under administrative and criminal law has formed in China.The specialization of the administrative norms and the precision adjustments of the criminal law norms have put forward new requirements for rationalized regulation of judicial practice.The judicial practice of criminal law protection of aquatic resources is characterized by the lack of substantive interpretation in the judgment of illegality,the absence of illegal evaluation function of the elements of crime quantity,as well as the ambiguity in the definition of joint and down-stream responsibility,which needs to be improved in terms of crime nature,crime quality and correlative responsibility.The determination of the crime nature of criminal law protection should be based on the premise of clarified judgment position and determination path of the dual illegality,which is followed by substantial explanation of the spatio-temporal and means elements of the harmful behavior.The“serious circumstances”of aquatic resources crime present a binary evaluation mode of“prioritizing infringement manner,supplemented by the crime amount”,and it is necessary to accurately grasp the multi-dimensional transmutation of the crime amount,with a limitation on decriminalization to the infringement manner,and to make clear the general rules and the normative borrowing in special circumstances in the judgment of miscellaneous provisions.The delineation of joint criminal liability is based on a binary review mechanism,with typological analyses to be conducted in accordance with the organizational and behavioral characteristics of joint crimes,keywords for determining liability for down-stream crimes to be accurately interpreted.