美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社发展经验及其借鉴

Development Experience and Its Reference of Agricultural Cooperatives in the United States,the European Union,and Japan

农业合作化是农业发展的必然趋势,是共同富裕的关键一环,也是乡村振兴的必由之路。本文选取美国、欧盟和日本这三个农业合作社发展最为成功的典型国家和地区,对其农业合作社发展的经验进行系统总结,并归纳出可资借鉴的经验。首先,简要阐述了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社的历史、职能和现状。其次,扼要分析了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社内部组织结构和治理模式。再次,概括说明了美国、欧盟和日本政府对农业合作社所提供的法律、资金、税收、金融和教育咨询等方面的政策支持。最后,归纳总结了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社发展经验及对中国的启示:一是完善农业合作社的治理机制,坚守成员所有、成员控制和成员受益的原则,增加和强化普通成员在重大事项上的话语权。二是借鉴权责明晰的现代企业制度,充分发挥其优势用于农业合作社的内部治理。三是政府应继续对农业合作社给予强有力的政策支持,但支持政策应更精准化、更精细化。四是借鉴他国农业合作社发展经验时要充分考虑自身实际,走出一条具有中国特色的农业合作化道路。

This article mainly studies the development experience of agricultural cooperatives in the United States,the European Union,and Japan,and draws on this experience for the development of agricultural cooperation in China.Selecting agricultural cooperatives from the three leading countries and regions in the field of agriculture as research objects,this article describes their history of emergence,evolution,and growth,and presents their latest scale and status.Previous studies on foreign agricultural cooperatives have overlooked the analysis of the internal organizational structure and governance of agricultural cooperatives.In addition,qualitative descriptions of agricultural cooperatives lack accurate quantitative descriptive analyses on employment,assets,income,profit and other various indicators of cooperatives.This article adopts research methods such as literature analysis and comparative analysis to conduct in‑depth research on the history,functions,current situation,management models,and policy environment of agricultural cooperatives in the United States,the European Union,and Japan.After comparing and analyzing agricultural cooperatives in the three countries and regions,this article concludes that agricultural cooperatives in the United States and the European Union are relatively similar in terms of organizational positioning,governance models,and support policies,while Japan has significant differences from the two.The agricultural cooperatives in both the United States and the European Union have a corporate nature,dedicating themselves to provide professional services to farmers in order to achieve specific economic goals,while the agricultural cooperatives in Japan serves almost all aspects of farmerslives,ensuring their overall well‑being.The agricultural cooperatives in the United States and the European Union rely on modern enterprise systems for internal governance with clear functions and responsibilities assigned to each part within the agricultural cooperatives.In contrast,the agricultural cooperative system in Japan connects all levels of agricultural associations vertically and horizontally in order to achieve national agricultural coordination,and rights and responsibilities are linked and coordinated at different levels for overall management and regulation.All the three countries and regions have introduced support policies for agricultural cooperatives from multiple perspectives,including legal protection,financial subsidies,tax incentives,financing convenience and education support.Based on the above conclusions,this article draws four lessons for the development of agricultural cooperatives in China:firmly returning agricultural cooperatives to be under the classical principles of user‑owner,user‑control and user‑benefits;learning from modern enterprise governance to stimulate agricultural cooperatives’vitality;continuing policy support but to be more precise and finer;and critically learning and drawing on external experience.