协作与博弈:明代土流共治下的土流关系

Cooperation and Competition:Tuliu Relationship under Tuliu Co-governance in Ming Dynasty

明统治者在土司区治理中实行了土流共治的管理体制。土流共治下的土流关系主要表现为三种形式:一是布政司府州县、都司卫所与土司间的土流政区互辖关系,二是布政司府州县、都司卫所、土司衙门内部的土流官员并设关系,三是土司身兼土官职衔和布政司府州县、都司卫所职衔的土流兼职关系。土流共治下的土流关系呈现出既协作施政又彼此博弈的特点。一方面,土流虽有主从之别,但二者各司其职,协作施政;另一方面,因土流存在不同的利益诉求,二者又存在着纷争和博弈。

The Ming rulers implemented the management system of Tuliu co-governance in the governance of the chieftain district.The relationship of Tuliu under the Tuliu co-governance is mainly manifested in three forms:one is Mutual jurisdiction of administrative regions of the relationship among the chief secretary's prefecture and county,the Dusiwei Institute and Tusi;the other is the relationship between the Tuliu officials in the prefecture and county of the chief secretary's prefecture,the Dusiwei Institute and the Secretary's ymen;the third is the part-time Tuliu relationship between the secretary's prefecture and county and the chief secretary's prefecture and the Dusiwei Institute.The Tuliu relationship under Tuliu co-governance presents the characteristics of both cooperative governance and mutual game.On the one hand,although there is a difference between the master and the slave,the two have their own duties and cooperate in administration;On the other hand,because of the different interests of the soil flow,there are disputes and games between them.