农村现代化的历史反思:梁漱溟的乡村经济合作思想——从现代中寻归传统的更新进路

Historical Reflection on Rural Modernization:Liang Shuming's Thought on Rural Economic Cooperation:Exploring the Path of Renewing Tradition from Modernity

20世纪初期,西方的合作主义思潮被近代知识学人认为是解决中国乡村问题、实现农村现代化的工具之一,其中以梁漱溟的乡村经济合作思想最为典型。该思想植根于儒学伦理与乡土秩序,借鉴了西方现代经济合作组织的基本原则,提出了在知识分子及社会团体引导下的乡村经济合作组织的设计方案,以恢复乡村经济,重建乡村社会。梁漱溟文化哲学观中的“老根萌新芽”论说,利用现代眼光重新审视传统儒学,在现代中寻找到了对于传统的更新进路:其一,“借鉴西方”经验是必要的,但仍须回归于传统儒学和乡土秩序之根,这是由中国的基本国情所决定的;其二,强调以儒家伦理本位和乡土秩序为依托,提倡从传统中拯救乡村,虽然传统中国缺乏团体精神和参与意识,但“互助”“仁爱”“和谐”“谦卑”和“礼仪”等善俗精神,为建立团体组织、实现经济合作提供了基础;其三,将合作视为解决乡村经济问题的最佳出路,从路线定位、制度安排和过程保障层面构设邹平合作社,其中虽不乏对西方现代经济组织的借鉴,但更多是对传统儒学和乡土秩序的思考;其四,对西方现代经济合作组织原则的“从同”,以及对传统儒学与乡土秩序的“超越”,作为梁漱溟乡村经济合作思想的主要特征,尽显其“取法于西方”但又“植根于传统”的一种更新进路。

In the early 20th century,the Western cooperative ideology was regarded by modern intellectuals as one of the tools to solve rural problems and achieve rural modernization in China,with Liang Shuming's rural economic cooperation thought being the most typical.This idea is rooted in Confucian ethics and local order,drawing on the basic principles of modern Western economic cooperation organizations,and proposing a design plan for rural economic cooperation organizations guided by intellectuals and social groups to restore rural economy and rebuild rural society.The theory of"old roots sprout new sprouts"in Liang Shuming's cultural philosophy,using a modern perspective to re-examine traditional Confucianism,has found a way to update tradition in modern times:firstly,it is necessary to"learn from the experience of the West",but still need to return to the roots of traditional Confucianism and local order,which is determined by China's basic national conditions;Secondly,it emphasizes the Confucian ethical standard and local order as the basis,advocating the salvation of rural areas from tradition.Although traditional China lacks group spirit and participation consciousness,the good customs such as"mutual assistance","benevolence","harmony","humility"and"etiquette"provide a foundation for establishing group organizations and achieving economic cooperation;Thirdly,cooperation should be regarded as the best way to solve rural economic problems,and the Zouping Cooperative should be constructed from the perspectives of route positioning,institutional arrangement,and process guarantee.Although there are some references to modern Western economic organizations,more of them are reflections on traditional Confucianism and local order;Fourthly,the"conformity"to the principles of modern Western economic cooperation organizations,as well as the"transcendence"of traditional Confucianism and local order,are the main characteristics of Liang Shuming's rural economic cooperation ideas,fully demonstrating his innovative approach of"drawing from the West"but"rooted in tradition".