我国企业牵头创新团队合作:总体特征、网络演化及其启示——基于国家科技进步奖项目的分析

Enterprise-led Innovation Team Cooperation In China:Characteristics,Network Evolution and Its Implications:Based on the Analysis of the National Science and Technology Progress Award Projects

科技自立自强战略背景下,龙头或领军企业牵头创新团队是实现关键核心技术突破与前沿引领技术瞄定的新型使命型科研联合攻关模式,对增强自主创新能力,保障高质量科技供给,构建新发展格局具有重要作用。以2000—2019年中国国家科技进步奖项目为研究样本,采用计量分析、社会网络分析及地理空间分析方法,分析企业牵头创新团队合作的基本特征、网络结构及时空演化规律。结果发现:随时间推移,企业牵头创新团队合作项目逐渐增加;牵头企业以国有企业为主,而民营企业占比逐渐上升;合作类型以“企业—高校”为主,科研院所作用有待提升;技术领域呈现明显阶段性特征,与国民经济发展阶段紧密相关;企业牵头创新团队合作网络逐渐形成基于“业缘型”的核心集群,长期核心创新主体在稳步增长;企业牵头创新团队合作网络时空分布符合等级扩散和接触扩散规律,时空发展向“亲缘型+地缘型+业缘型”模式演化。应分别从政府与企业层面进行持续巩固与加强,以发挥企业牵头创新团队在市场需求、集成创新和组织平台方面的优势。

During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period,China will build a new development landscape and achieve high-quality development,which requires innovation to play a greater leading and supporting role.However,with the accelerated evolution of the new round scientific and technological revolution and the in-depth development of innovation,technologies,especially key core technologies,are increasingly showing the following characteristics,such as high investment and long cycles,knowledge complexity and embeddedness,oligopoly in the international market for core systems and components,and commercial ecological dependence of core technological breakthroughs.Thus,it is increasingly necessary for technical units with cross-disciplinary and cross-field to cooperate deeply to accelerate the transformation of national science and technology construction from the stage of independent innovation to the stage of self-reliance and self-improvement.Existing scientific and technological innovation cooperation models,such as R&D alliances,research consortia,and industry-university-research cooperation,are difficult to adapt to the needs of the new development pattern and high-quality development stage for key core technology breakthroughs and cutting-edge technology deployment.The innovation team led by leading enterprises is a new mission-oriented scientific research joint model that achieves breakthroughs in key core technologies and cutting-edge leading technologies targeting.It plays an important role in enhancing independent innovation capabilities,ensuring high-quality technology supply,and building a new development pattern.The research uses the 2000-2019 Chinese National Science and Technology Progress Award Projects as the research sample,adopts econometric analysis and social network analysis methods to analyze the basic characteristics and network attributes of cooperation of the enterprise-led innovation team,and uses Ucinet and ArcGIS software to visualize the description and reveal the structure evolution and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of cooperation network of the enterprise-led innovation team at each stage.The results show that as time goes on,the number of enterprise-led innovation cooperation projects increases gradually;the leading enterprises are mainly state-owned enterprises,while the proportion of private enterprises is gradually rising;the type of cooperation is mainly"enterprise-university",and the role of scientific research institutes needs to be improved;the technical field presents obvious stage characteristics,which is closely related to the development stage of national economy;the cooperative network of enterprise-led innovation team has gradually formed the core cluster based on industry edge,and the long-term core innovation entities are growing steadily;the spatiotemporal distribution of the cooperation network of enterprise-led innovation team conforms to the law of hierarchical diffusion and contact diffusion,and the spatiotemporal development evolves to a model of"kinship type+geographical type+industry type".The research suggests that it should be consolidated and strengthened from the government and enterprise perspectives respectively,so as to give full play to the advantages of the enterprise-led innovation teams in terms of market demand,integrated innovation and organizational platform.Specifically,for the government,it should enhance the construction of innovation teams led by enterprises in different industries and regions,enhance the ability of enterprises to lead innovation teams in emerging technologies,and establish scorecards for key enterprises to lead innovation teams and core innovation entities.For enterprises,first,it should keep up with the needs of national economic development,promote entrepreneurship,explore key core technology fields,and enhance the innovation capability.Secondly,it should maintain a balance between the dynamic and stability of the cooperation network,that is,not only maintain a significant number of long-term innovation cooperation entities,but also develop new innovation cooperation entities in a timely manner.And thirdly,it should strengthen cooperation with innovation entities in cities with developed science technologies,and industries.From the theoretical perspective,the research results are conducive to the enrichment and development of the innovation cooperation network theory,and deepen the research on enterprise-led innovation teams.Meanwhile,the research suggestions have important guiding value for the government to formulate policies to promote the development of enterprise-led innovation teams,and for the enterprises to optimize the cooperation mechanism to engage in scientific research activities.