母猪繁殖力基因遗传育种研究进展

Research Progress on Genetic Breeding of Reproductive Performance in Sows

我国是世界上最大的生猪生产国和猪肉消费国,但仍存在着母系猪繁殖力普遍较低的重要问题,选育具有高繁殖性状的母系猪已成为当前研究的焦点和热点。目前,已明确多个影响母猪产仔数的已知基因,包括雌激素受体(estrogen receptors,ESR)基因、泌乳素受体(prolactin receptor,PRLR)基因、视黄醇结合蛋白4(retinol binding protein 4,RBP4)基因、瘦素(leptin,LEP)基因、备解素(complement factor b,BF)基因、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白(insulin-like growth factor binding protein,IGFBP)基因、连环蛋白阿尔法样蛋白1(catenin alpha-like protein 1,CTNNAL1)、无翼型MMTV结合位点家族10B(wingless-type mmtv integration site family member 10B,WNT 10B)基因、转录因子12(transcription factor 12,TCF12)基因、无精症样删除基因家族(deleted in azoospermia-like,DAZL)、无名指蛋白4(ring finger protein 4,RNF4)基因以及骨形成蛋白(bone morphogenetic proteins,BMPs)家族等基因。这些基因通过复杂的相互作用网络影响母猪的繁殖力性状表现,但少数几个基因的位点效应对母猪的繁殖力表型影响较为有限,因此在母猪繁殖性能方面的育种遗传进展相对较小。全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association studies,GWAS)技术基于全基因组策略,利用覆盖全基因组的遗传标记信息,分析整个基因组中的全部遗传变异多态性作为分子遗传标记,并与表型和系谱信息进行对照和统计分析,从而加速了重要单核苷酸多态(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)位点、数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus,QTLs)和候选基因的发现过程。全基因组选育(genomic selection,GS)利用系谱信息、表型数据以及全基因组的SNP分型信息,为母猪繁殖性能等低遗传力性状的育种工作提供了更快速、准确的个体全基因组估计育种值(genomic estimated breeding value,GEBV),从而显著加快了育种遗传进展。

In China,as the world′s largest producer and consumer of pork,a significant issue persists in the generally low reproductive efficiency of maternal pigs.The breeding of maternal lines exhibiting high reproductive traits has emerged as the current focal point and hotspot of research.Presently,multiple known genes influencing the litter size of sows have been identified.These genes include estrogen receptors(ESR),prolactin receptors(PRLR),retinol binding protein 4(RBP4),leptin(LEP),complement factor b gene(BF),insulin-like growth factor binding protein(IGFBP),catenin alpha-like protein 1(CTNNAL1),wingless-type mmtv integration site family member 10B(WNT10B),transcription factor 12(TCF12),deleted in azoospermia-like(DAZL),ring finger protein 4(RNF4),and the bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs)family,among others.These genes exert their influence on the reproductive traits of sows through complex interaction networks.However,the phenotypic impact of only a few gene loci on the reproductive performance of sows remains limited.Consequently,there has been relatively modest genetic progress in breeding for maternal pig reproductive performance.Genome-wide association studies(GWAS)employ a whole-genome strategy,utilizing comprehensive genetic marker information across the entire genome.This approach analyzes all genetic variations and polymorphisms as molecular genetic markers,contrasting them with phenotype and pedigree data through statistical analysis.This method accelerates the discovery process of crucial single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs),quantitative trait loci(QTLs),and candidate genes.Genomic selection(GS)harnesses pedigree information,phenotype data,and SNP genotyping information across the entire genome.This technique provides faster and more accurate individual genomic estimated breeding values(GEBVs)for low heritability traits such as maternal pig reproductive performance.Consequently,it significantly hastens genetic progress in breeding.