基于碳水化合物的佐剂作用机制研究进展

Advances in Carbohydrate-based Adjuvant Mechanisms of Action

佐剂是指添加到疫苗中以刺激和增强免疫应答强度或改变免疫应答类型的物质。目前疫苗佐剂种类较多,包括铝佐剂、油乳佐剂和脂质体佐剂等,但临床使用的佐剂很少同时具备高效和低毒两大特点,因此迫切需要一种有效且安全的佐剂。基于碳水化合物的佐剂具有良好的生物相容性和易代谢的优点,同时,基于碳水化合物的佐剂种类广泛,且每种都有不同免疫特性,如基于多糖的佐剂可以增强巨噬细胞的吞噬活性及抗原提呈能力等。并且基于碳水化合物的佐剂还可与Toll样受体、C型凝集素受体等多种受体结合发挥上述免疫活性,但其作用机制尚不完全清楚。故本文基于碳水化合物的佐剂作用机制相关研究进展进行总结梳理,以期为相关佐剂的进一步研究提供参考。

Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to stimulate and enhance the intensity of immune responses or to change the type of immune responses.Currently,there are many types of vaccine adjuvants,including aluminum adjuvants,oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants,and liposome adjuvants,but few adjuvants used clinically have both high efficiency and low toxicity.Therefore,there is an urgent need for an effective and safe adjuvant.Carbohydrate-based adjuvants have the advantages of good biocompatibility and easy metabolism.Moreover,carbohydrate-based adjuvants have a wide range of types,and each type has different immune properties.For example,polysaccharide-based adjuvants can enhance macrophage phagocytic activity and antigen presentation ability.Carbohydrate-based adjuvants can also interact with various receptors such as Toll-like receptors and C-type lectin receptors to exert the above immune activities,but their mechanism of action is not yet fully understood.Therefore,this article summarizes the research progress on the mechanism of action of carbohydrate-based adjuvants,in order to provide reference for further research on adjuvants.