何以成都:北宋陪都“京都意向”的构建

Construction of Capital Image of Provisional Capital in the Northern Song Dynasty

陪都是我国古代都城体系的重要组成部分。北宋以东京开封府为首都,以西京河南府、南京应天府和北京大名府为三陪都。从陪都的“形成史”角度看,“首都化”一直是其建置的重要发展方向。然不论陪都“首都化”程度多么高,其都不可能与首都等而同之,不可避免地会保留有浓厚的地方特色。然而,某些地方特色却借助“天子行迹”的加持作用,反过来成为陪都的真正象征。正是“首都化”与地方特色的“自我形塑”共同构建了陪都的“京都意向”,使陪都成为介于“央—地”城市之间的一种特殊组织。考察陪都的形成史,对理解、反思其与首都的关系,中央权力在各陪都的施用及地方治理等都具有重要意义。

provisional capital is an important part of China’s ancient capital system.In the Northern Song Dynasty,there was a capital,namely,Kaifeng Prefecture(also called East Capital)and three provisional capitals:Henan Prefecture(West Capital),Yingtian Prefecture(South Capital)and Daming Prefecture(North Capital).From the perspective of“formation history”of provisional capitals,an important direction in establishing them was“imitating the capital”.However,no matter how deep degree of similarity they had with the capital,they could not be equal to the capital,and they inevitably retained strong local characteristics.Unbelievably,some local characteristics became their real symbols due to the blessing effect of“the emperor’s deeds”.The practices of“imitating the capital”and“the self-shaping”of local characteristics together constructed the“image of the capital”of provisional capitals,which made them a special organization between the central area and local areas.Examining the formation history of provisional capitals is of great significance for understanding and reflecting on their relationships with the capital,the application of central power in each provisional capital,and local governance.