清代甘肃两当王氏家族变迁及其家族规划研究

Study on Changes and Planning of the Wang’s Family in Liangdang,Gansu,in the Qing Dynasty

甘肃两当县王正福一族跟随白莲教起义军由楚而陇,在起义失败后,散落在两当密林深谷中,成为了被当地人称为“湖广广”的“棚民”,经过三步规划实现了其家族成员的身份转换:从“流民教匪”到“编户齐民”身份、从商人到地主身份,从地主到士绅身份。王氏家族的三步规划与王朝国家的制度设置之间存在着惊人的对应关系,这说明现实世界运行着两套系统和规则,即“大传统”和“小传统”。两个传统导致人们对清代历史的认识完全不同,前者认为清代是繁华盛世,后者认为清代是“饥饿盛世”。两种认识反映的其实是大人物与小人物共同参与建构的同一个整体性历史,从一个小人物的造次颠沛与一个家族祸福穷通中,可以折射出一段治乱兴衰与损益更替的大历史。

Wang Zhengfu’s family followed the White Lotus Rebellion Army from Huguang area to Liangdang County,Gansu Province.After the failure of the uprising,they were scattered in deep valleys in dense forests,and became the“shed dwellers”who were called“Huguangguang”by the locals.Through three steps of planning,the identity of his family members was transformed from exile to legal citizen,from merchant to landlord,and from landlord to gentry.There is a striking correspondence between the three-step planning of the Wang’s family and the institutional setting of the dynastic state.This shows that there are two sets of systems and rules operating in the real world,namely“official traditions”and“folk traditions”.The two traditions represent completely different understandings on the history of the Qing Dynasty.The former thought that the Qing Dynasty was rich and prosperous,while the latter thought that it was hungry and poor.In fact,the two understandings reflect the same overall history constructed together by the people in upper class and in lower class.The ups and downs of an ordinary person and a family can reflect a great History of the rise and fall and alternation of profits and losses.