从儒家经典到课本选文:清末民初读经科向国文科的转化与融入

From Confucian Classics to Textbook Selections:The Transformation and Integration of Readings into Chinese Language Subjects in the Late Qing and Early Republican Periods

民国初年读经被取消后又被反复提倡,但清末的读经科部分转化、融入了国文科并影响了国文科的发展:国文科课程目标中的“德”由读经科转入,教材中部分课文是对读经科中的整本儒家经典的节选,教学中的诵读法也来自读经科。转化的发生及其成功,主要原因是:读经科改变了形式,顺应了现代教育(国文)的变化,教育目的由培养臣民转为培养公民,教育形式由私塾中的单个点拨到学堂中的班级授课,国文教材形态由专书变为选文,考试文体由八股变为古文。

Although reading the Classics was abolished in the early years of the Republican period and then advocated again and again,the reading of the Classics in the late Qing Dynasty was partly transformed and integrated into the National Liberal Arts Section and influenced its development:the“virtue”in the purpose of the curriculum was transferred from the Reading of the Classics Section,and some of the texts in the teaching materials were excerpts from the Confucian classics.The method of reading and reading in the teaching came from the Classics Section.The method of chanting in teaching also came from the Yijing Section.The transformation and its success were mainly due to the fact that the Yijing changed its form and conformed to the changes in modern education(Guowen):the purpose of education changed from cultivating subjects to cultivating citizens,the form of education changed from individual instruction in private schools to class instruction in academies,the form of teaching materials for Guowen changed from monographs to selections,and the style of the examination changed from bakugo to kuwen.