南京高师-东南大学的民主化管理探索(1915-1927年)

An Exploration of Democratic Management in Nanjing Higher Normal School-Southeast University from 1915 to 1927

近代中国高等教育自诞生之始,就带有较强的移植痕迹,加之受传统封建教育以及日本教育模式的影响,在管理模式上倾向于集权式。20世纪20年代前后,一大批留美学者聚集在南京高师-东南大学,他们对集权的管理模式提出了抗议。五四运动之后,教师和学生的权利意识觉醒,渐有摆脱“控制”走向“自主”的趋势,实行民主治校成为全体师生的共同呼声。在江谦、郭秉文二位校长以及留美归国学者的努力下,南京高师-东南大学在学校民主管理层面不断进行探索:变革行政管理体制,赋予校长、教师、董事会多元主体参与校务的权力;改进师生管理方式,加强师生之间的情感沟通,构建新型的、民主的师生关系;重构教学管理模式,倡导教学法,实行选科制,保障学生自由学习的权利。南京高师-东南大学以民主为原则进行多元共治的初步探索,形成了民主自由的学风、校风。

China’s higher education emerged in the centralized management mode of transplantation,coupled with the influence of traditional feudal education and Japanese style.Around the 1920s,the centralized management model was questioned at the Nanjing Higher Normal School-Southeast University by scholars who returned from the United States.After the May 4th Movement,teachers and students awakened,calling for autonomous rights and democratic management.Nanjing Higher Normal School-Southeast University,with the efforts of the presidents Jiang Qian and Guo Bingwen as well as the scholars who stayed in the United States,explored the democratic management in the aspects of administrative reform,participation of presidents,faculty and the board of directors in school affairs,respect for teacher-student right in management,teacher-student emotional communication,reform of teaching management and subject selection system for students’right to autonomous study.Nanjing Higher Normal School-Southeast University’s preliminary exploration of pluralistic co-governance is characterized by the principle of democracy for a democratic and free study style and school spirit.