基于资源条件与环境约束的国外国家公园户外运动发展经验及启示

Outdoor Sports Development in National Parks Based on Resource Conditions and Environmental Constraints:International Experience and Inspiration

文中从资源条件切入,对在美洲、欧洲、亚洲、大洋洲和非洲5个州25个国家的50个国家公园中开展的户外运动进行统计,共总结出51项户外运动,并将其分为资源包容性项目和资源依赖性项目2类;依据国家旅游局提出的GB/T18972-2017《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》梳理国外国家公园开展户外运动依托的资源类型,发现其主要涵盖标准中的地文景观、水域景观、生物景观、天象与气候景观、建筑与设施5个主类;考虑各项户外运动在国外国家公园开展的普遍性,选取其中具有代表性的10项进一步分析其环境约束管理措施发现,国外国家公园综合考量环境承载力和生物多样性,以实现保护生态环境与丰富游客体验的平衡为主要目标布局户外运动开展区域和规定开展时间,并通过实行预约制度、发放许可证和公布行为准则等形式,一方面对游客进入的数量和时间以及具体行为从宏观上进行限制和监督,另一方面对游客携带的装备和工具进行约束,力图将户外运动的环境影响最小化。

This paper analyzes outdoor sports conducted in 50 national parks across 25 countries and summarizes 51 outdoor activities,which are further divided into resources dependent activities and resources inclusive activities.Based on the GB/T 18972-2017 Classification,Investigation and Evaluation of Tourism Resources,the paper reviews the types of resources that national parks overseas rely on for outdoor sports,and it is found that they mainly include five main categories of geographical landscape,water landscape,biological landscape,celestial and climatic landscape,and buildings and facilities.Considering the prevalence of various outdoor sports in national parks overseas,10 representative outdoor sports are selected for further analysis on environment restraint.It is discovered that when national parks overseas strategically plan the areas and stipulate the times for conducting outdoor sports,they often take environmental carrying capacity and biodiversity into consideration with the aim to achieve the trade-off between eco-environment protection and tourist experience improvement.In addition,by implementing reservation system,issuing permit,and publishing behavior guidelines,the national parks overseas restrict and supervise the number of visitors,their entry time,and specific behaviors as well as the equipment and tools carried by tourists,with the attempt to minimize the environmental impact of outdoor sports.