我国城市湖泊空间分布格局特征分析及影响因素探讨

The analysis of spatial distribution pattern of Chinese urban lakes and its influence factors

城市湖泊作为城市与自然之间进行水气交换的蓝色空间,具有供水、防洪、休闲、气候调节以及改善城市生态环境等诸多生态服务功能。中国地域辽阔、城市众多,不同区域的城市湖泊受自然地理环境和社会经济发展等因素的影响而具有显著的空间差异特征。目前已有研究对我国省会城市和个别大型城市的湖泊空间分布及变化特征等开展研究,但全国范围内各行政等级单元内城市湖泊分布的空间格局及其影响因素仍缺乏综合分析。本研究基于中国城市湖泊数据集,从城市分布的地域单元、行政等级、城市规模3个方面对城市湖泊分布特征进行统计分析和比较,并结合自然和人类活动要素,初步探讨影响城市湖泊分布规模和丰度的主控因子。结果表明,2020年全国共有约11万个面积大于0.001 km 2城市湖泊(不包括太湖、滇池等大型湖泊),总面积约2112 km 2,约占全国城市(遥感城市不透水层区域)面积的1.1%。城市湖泊的分布具有显著的集聚和分异特征,数量超过70%的城市湖泊分布在约20%的县(区)级行政单元,约21%的县(区)级行政单元基本没有(<10 m遥感影像分辨率下10个像元)城市湖泊分布。城市湖泊数量最多的县(区)级单元是天津市滨海新区,数量达到了1846个,而武汉市洪山区拥有的城市湖泊的面积最大,达到了67.2 km 2。总体上,城市等级更高的省会城市拥有更加密集城市湖泊分布,其湖泊密度(湖泊面积/城市面积)达到了1.6%,显著高于地级市的1.3%和县(区)级单元的0.8%。经统计分析,城市湖泊的分布与温度、降水、人口、GDP和城市面积呈现显著正相关,与城市海拔和地形起伏度呈强负相关。统计回归模型分析结果表明,城市面积、降水、GDP和地形起伏度是影响我国城市湖泊空间分异特征的主控因子。本研究将为全面认识我国城市湖泊的分布特征提供科学参考,为城市湖泊的资源利用和生态环境保护提供地理本底信息。

Urban lakes,as the blue spaces for water and gas exchange between cities and nature,provide a variety of ecological services,including water supply,flood control,leisure,climate regulation.China s vast territory and numerous cities result in significant spatial difference in urban lakes influenced by natural geographical conditions and socio-economic development.Existing research has focused on the spatial distribution and changing characteristics of lakes in provincial capital cities and individual large cities in China,but there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis of the spatial patterns and influencing factors of urban lake distribution within administrative units at the national scale.In this study,based on the dataset of urban lakes in China,we conducted statistical analysis and comparison of the distribution characteristics of urban lakes from three aspects:geographical units of urban distribution,administrative levels,and city size.By integrating natural and human activity factors,we explored the key controlling factors that influence the distribution scale and abundance of urban lakes.The results showed that in 2020,there were about 110000 urban lakes with an area greater than 0.001 km 2 nationwide(excluding large lakes such as Tai Lake and Dianchi Lake),with a total area of approximately 2112 km 2,accounting for about 1.1%of the total urban area(impervious layer area detected by remote sensing).Urban lake distribution exhibited significant agglomeration and differentiation characteristics,with more than 70%of urban lakes distributed in about 20%of county(district)level administrative units,and about 21%of county(district)level administrative units had virtually no urban lake distribution(less than 10 pixels in 10 m resolution remote sensing images).The county(district)with the largest number of urban lakes was Binhai New Area of Tianjin,with 1846 lakes,while Hongshan District of Wuhan had the largest urban lake area,reaching 67.2 km 2.Overall,provincial capitals with higher urban levels had a more concentrated distribution of urban lakes,with a lake density(i.e.,lake area/urban area)of 1.6%,significantly higher than that of prefecture-level cities(1.3%)and county(district)level units(0.8%).Statistical analysis showed that the distribution of urban lakes was significantly positively correlated with temperature,precipitation,population,GDP,and urban area,and strong negatively correlated with urban altitude and topographic undulation.The statistical regression model analysis indicated that urban area,precipitation,GDP,and topographic relief were the main controlling factors affecting the spatial differentiation characteristics of urban lakes in China.This research will provide a scientific reference for a comprehensive understanding of the distribution characteristics of urban lakes in China and provide geographical background information for the resource utilization and ecological environment protection of urban lakes.