外国代理人管理的制度构建、实践路径与中国因应——从《对外关系法》第三十八条展开

The system construction for managing foreign agents,path of practice,and China's response:a study starting from Article 38 of the Law on Foreign Relations

《对外关系法》第三十八条规定了我国对外国组织进行管理的权力和外国实体遵守法律、不得危害中国国家安全的义务。外国代理人管理制度是这一规定的实现规则,有待落地实施。美国《外国代理人登记法》要求代理人就代理的相关信息进行登记,对代理关系中的关键内容做出界定,并就信息披露的内容和持续性提出要求。相关制度的执行总体具有较明确的法律指引,并设置了相应的违法惩处机制,该制度的执行在近年更趋主动化、严格化。该制度曾因对日本实体游说的执法效果不佳而有所加强,目前对于涉华实体的监管也日趋强硬,相关案例具有借鉴意义。我国可参考域外立法经验建立外国代理人管理制度。

Article 38 of the Law on Foreign Relations stipulates China's authority to manage foreign organizations and the obligation of foreign entities to abide by the law.The foreign agent regulation system is the implementing rule for this provision.The Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 in the United States requires agents to register relevant information regarding their representation,defines key aspects of agency relationships,and sets requirements for the content and continuity of information disclosure.The execution of the Act has clear legal guidance and establishes corresponding mechanisms for penalties for violations.In recent years,it has shown a trend toward more proactive and stringent implementation.The Act has been strengthened due to the ineffective enforcement in lobbying efforts by the Japanese entities and is currently becoming increasingly strict in overseeing the entities related to China.The relevant cases serve as valuable references for China to establish system for managing foreign agents.