认识论、知识论与利益视野下的“历史终结论”与“文明冲突论”

“The End of History”and“the Clash of Civilizations”in the View of Epistemology,Theory of Knowledge and Interests

在认识论视角,“文明冲突论”与“历史终结论”是提出者各自对历史的认识过程“两条道路”之转折点,即“抽象的规定”。福山与亨廷顿在认识论有三点区别。在知识论视野,福山看到知识之树及其主干——普适性知识。亨廷顿看到在知识之林中,地方性知识彼此间以及地方性知识与普适性知识的冲突。国家等主体的利益,在国际事务中的影响和支配能力,不同的发展阶段和发展方式,在全球化中被“摊平”。不同文明类型,特别是主导国家的利益此消彼长,致使文明冲突显现。普适性知识是不同文明之间的最大公约数;对于人类命运的共识,是不同文明和国家之间的最小公倍数。随着人工智能等科技的发展,包括文明冲突在内的人类历史,将在另类意义上改写和终结。

From the perspective of epistemology,“the clash of civilizations”and“the end of history”are the turning points of“two roads”of their respective authors in understanding history,namely“abstract stipulation”.There are three differences between Francis Fukuyama and Samuel Phillips Huntington in epistemology.In the perspective of theory of knowledge,Fukuyama saw the tree of knowledge and its backbone and universal knowledge,while Huntington saw in the forest of knowledge the clashes among local knowledge,and those between local knowledge and universal knowledge.The interests of subjects such as nations,their influence and dominance in international affairs,and their different stages and modes of development have been“equalized”in globalization.The different types of civilizations,especially the interests of the dominant nations,have changed,resulting in a clash of civilizations.Universal knowledge is the greatest common divisor among different civilizations while a common understanding of human destiny is the least common multiple among civilizations and nations.With the development of artificial intelligence and other technologies,the human history,including clashes of civilizations,will be rewritten and ended in an alternative sense.