迈向自主法学知识体系的比较法研究范式——以2003-2022年的比较法论文为样本

A Comparative Law Research Paradigm Towards an Independent Jurisprudential Knowledge System

比较法在当代中国的兴起源于服务立法之使命,随着中国特色社会主义法律体系的逐步形成,比较法也在转型发展。以介绍和比较域外法为论题的“显性比较法”逐渐式微,借助比较法上的论据探讨本国问题的“隐性比较法”渐成主流;比较对象的选取日益受本国法体系约束,具有家族相似性的域外法愈发受青睐。这两个发展趋势寓意深远。由于法律问题往往深嵌于本土社会,问题的社会语境因此成为隐性比较法研究的制约因素;如果说社会语境只是一种软约束的话,本国法体系则是一种更为直接的硬约束。这两个约束条件不仅塑造了比较法的研究目标,而且限定了比较对象的选择,同时也影响了比较分析的方法和域外法素材的应用方式。这整体上构成了隐性比较法颇具中国特质的研究范式,其中蕴含着比较法学主体意识回归的积极信号。主体意识的回归是构建自主法学知识体系的关键所在,总体上契合了中国法治的发展进程。

The rise of comparative law in contemporary China stems from the mission of serving legislative activities.The research paradigm of comparative law has undergone a process of transformation along with the development of the Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics.The"explicit comparative law",which takes the introduction of and comparison among foreign laws as its theme,has gradually declined,while the"implicit comparative law",which explores domestic problems by using foreign laws as arguments,has gradually become the mainstream.The selection of objects of comparison is increasingly constrained by the domestic legal system and the similarity of legal families has become a decisive factor in the selection.These two trends have profound implications.Since legal issues are always deeply embedded in local society,their social context becomes a constraining factor of implicit comparative law research.The social context and the domestic legal system not only shape the objectives of comparative legal research but also limit the selection of comparison objects in foreign laws.They also affect the approach to comparison and the methods of analyzing foreign law materials.These elements collectively constitute the research paradigm of implicit comparative law with Chinese characteristics,which contains a positive signal of the return of subjective consciousness of China.The return of subjective consciousness is a key step in building independent jurisprudential knowledge system and is also generally in line with the development process of the rule of law in China.