法律关系范式之反思——以民事诉讼法为中心

Reflections on the Paradigm of Legal Relations

法律关系范式,即视法律关系为民法的核心概念、体系基石与基本方法论的思维模式。这种范式贯穿于民法以及民事诉讼法领域。在民事诉讼法中,它具体体现在案由、诉讼标的、证明责任、当事人等制度及民事审判方式等领域。虽然这种范式对我国民事司法有着历史性贡献,但其也带来诸多弊端。考察私法史可以发现,无论是萨维尼式、苏联式还是本土式的法律关系范式,均在抽象性或者伦理性方面存在缺陷,难以承担民法体系化及民事司法基本方法论之重任。法律关系范式应让位于权利范式。以权利范式替代法律关系范式,并在权利范式中发挥请求权的基础性作用,方能实现民事诉讼中实质诉讼法的体系化,并推动诉讼程序法的变革。

The legal relations paradigm refers to the mode of thinking that takes legal relations as the systemic cornerstone,basic methodology,and core concept of civil law.This paradigm runs through the fields of civil law as well as civil procedure law.In civil procedure law,it is specifically embodied in the fields of the cause of action,the object of action,the burden of proof,the system of the parties,and the manner of civil trial.Although this paradigm has made historic contributions to civil justice in China,it has many drawbacks.From the perspective of the history of private law,it can be found that the legal relations paradigm,whether Savigny-style,Soviet-style,or local-style,is defective in abstraction or ethicality.As a result,this paradigm is unable to undertake the important task of systematizing civil law or serving as the basic methodology of civil justice.The paradigm of legal relations should be replaced by the paradigm of rights,and the right of claim should play a fundamental role in the paradigm of rights,so as to achieve the systematization of substantive procedural norms in civil procedure law and promote the reform of litigation procedure law.