学校教育与创新人才培养——基于心智结构的视角

School Education and Innovative Talent Cultivation——From the Perspective of Mental Structures

图式作为人的心智结构,既是个人基于过往经验学习新知、适应环境乃至安置自我与世界交往的依凭,又是个体认知与行为刻板化风格、陈旧观念和偏见与成见产生的原因。图式与个体人格存在关联,但主要源于个体与环境之间的互动。在特定文化与制度环境中,人们的图式具有共性,即集体心智结构,它会以外在力量对个体心智结构产生固化效应。学校教育教学既是利用图式获取新知的过程,同时也是心智结构的建构过程。在一个由考试与选拔制度主导的教育文化与制度环境中,集体心智结构的功利取向往往会强化个体图式的固化与封闭,从而失去它必要的弹性。这极不利于开发创新品质所需要的才智与智慧,抑制创新人才与拔尖创新人才的成长。突破当前社会创新活力不足、拔尖创新人才匮乏的困境,在于实现由集体性、无差别的教育向个性化、差异化的教育转型。否则,将难以应对数字智能时代复杂多变的不确定性环境带来的挑战。

As the mental structures of human beings,schemas serve as not only the basis for individuals to acquire new knowledge,adapt to the environment,and put themselves in the world based on past experience,but also the cause for individuals'rigid cognitive and behavioral style,outdated concepts,prejudices,and biases.Schemas are associated with individual personalities,but they mainly originate from the interactions between individuals and the environment.Therefore,in a specific cultural and institutional environment,people's schemas have a common feature,namely a collective mental structure,which has a solidified effect on individuals'mental structures by means of external forces.School education is not only a process of acquiring new knowledge with schemas but also a process of constructing mental structures.In an education culture and an institutional environment dominated by standardized examinations and talent selection systems,the utilitarian orientation of the collective mental structure usually reinforces the solidified and closed individual schemas,thus making individual schemas lose their necessary flexibility.This is extremely detrimental to the development of intelligence and wisdom required for innovative quality,thereby inhibiting the growth of innovative talents and top-notch innovative talents.To break through the dilemma of insufficient social innovations and top-notch innovative talents,we need to change from collective and undifferentiated education to personalized and differentiated education.Otherwise,in an era of digital intelligence,it will be difficult for us to meet the challenges caused by the complex and uncertain environment.