清代景德镇瓷业产值的估算(1726—1911)

Estimation of the Output Value of Jingdezhen Porcelain Industry in the Qing Dynasty(1726-1911)

瓷器生产对于中国传统社会意义重大。景德镇作为专门进行瓷器生产的手工业城镇,其瓷器产量和产值的相关研究一直受限于史料的缺乏。本文在整理前人研究的基础上,根据中国第一历史档案馆所藏清宫瓷器档案以及部分实地调查结果,综合考虑窑口体积、技术、天气、成本、价格等因素,利用御窑数据估算了清代自雍正四年(1726)至宣统三年(1911)的景德镇瓷业产值。就实际总产值而言,清代景德镇瓷业在雍正至乾隆时期较为兴盛,嘉庆年间是低点,光绪朝最高;就人均产值而言,雍正和乾隆前中期最高,嘉庆最低,同治、光绪年间是次高值。文中分析了影响景德镇瓷业发展的多个因素,其中瓷器价格是最重要的影响因素,气候在清晚期也发挥了重要作用。这解释了晚清瓷业产值增长是在产量衰退和技术停滞情况下,由于成本价格上涨造成的“滞涨”。

Porcelain production was of great significance to traditional Chinese society.As a craft town specializing in porcelain production,Jingdezhen has been limited by the lack of historical information on its porcelain production and output value.Based on previous studies,this paper estimates the output value of the porcelain industry in Jingdezhen from the fourth year of Yongzheng to the third year of Xuantong during the Qing Dynasty,using data from the imperial kilns,based on the porcelain archives of the Qing Palace in the First Historical Archives and some on-site investigations,taking into account kiln volume,technology,weather,costs,prices,and other factors.In terms of actual total output value,the porcelain industry in Jingdezhen during the Qing Dynasty was relatively prosperous during the Yongzheng to Qianlong periods,with a low point during the Jiaqing period and the highest point during the Guangxu period.In terms of per capita output value,Yongzheng and the first half of Qianlong had the highest,Jiaqing had the lowest,and it was the second highest value during the Guangxu to Tongzhi period.At the same time,the paper analyzed multiple factors that affected the development of Jingdezhen's porcelain industry,among which the price of porcelain was the most important influencing factor,and climate also played an important role in the late Qing Dynasty.This explains that the increase in actual output value of the late Qing porcelain industry was a"stagflation"development caused by rising cost prices in the context of declining production and technological stagnation.