晚清民国时期山西药号的洋广药材经营研究

Research on Yangguang Medicinal Materials Management of Shanxi Pharmacists in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

晚清民国时期,山西药号重点经营洋广药材长途贸易,并以总分号的组织形式编织运营网,在禹州组建洋广药材公和社,在祁州被称为“广帮”。在山西药号经营洋广药材过程中,采购任务由广州、香港分号完成;运输过程中,天津、烟台、青岛先后作为海运接货地,胶济铁路开通后济南成为洋广药材陆运重要中转站;销售任务起初主要由祁州、禹州分号负责,伴随经济格局变化转由天津分号担任。山西药号的洋广药材运销具体由分号完成,而总号主要职能在于人事安排、资金管理、会计监督,其核心是按收支两条线提供采购资金并统管销售收入。这种经营方式可归纳为分号经营、总号结算,也即分号作为运营主体直面市场,总号充当资金结算中心保证财权控制。分号经营、总号结算是山西药号拓展市场的核心机制,对于理解明清长途贸易运营制度具有重要意义。

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,Shanxi Yaohao focused on the longdistance trade of Yangguang medicinal materials,and weaved an operation network in the form of a general semicolon,and established Yangguang Medicinal Materials Gonghe Society in Yuzhou,which was called"Guangbang"in Qizhou.In the process of operating Yangguang medicinal materials by Shanxi Yaohao,the procurement task was completed by the branches in Guangzhou and Hong Kong;Tianjin,Yantai and Qingdao were successively used as shipping destinations.After the Jiaoji Railway was opened,the branch in Jinan became an important transit for Yangguang medicinal materials by land.At first,the sales tasks were mainly carried out by the semi-colons in Qizhou and Yuzhou,and with the changes in the economic structure,the semi-colons in Tianjin were responsible.The transportation and sales of Yangguang medicinal materials of Shanxi Yaohao are specifically completed by the semicolon,and the main functions of the head office are personnel arrangement,capital management,accounting supervision and market adjustment.This mode of operation can be summarized as semicolon operation and total number settlement,that is,the semicolon acts as the main body of the operation to face the market,and the total number acts as the capital settlement center to ensure financial control.Semicolon management and total number settlement are the core mechanisms for Shanxi Yaohao to expand the market,and are of great significance to understanding the long-distance trade management system in Ming and Qing Dynasties.