大集体与小自由:农业合作化运动中的农家副业——以鄂、湘、赣三省为中心

Great Collective and Small Freedom:Farm Sideline in the Agricultural Cooperative Movement--Centerning on Hubei,Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces

农家副业是农民收入的重要来源之一。在农业合作化运动过程中,为了增加农民收入、解决剩余劳动力问题,党和人民政府仍关注着农家副业的发展。在农业合作化运动初期,由于有些地区盲目反对“自发势力”,划不清正当副业和投机商业的界限,同时由于粮食统购统销政策的实施,家畜养殖饲料及农村副业发展的原料得不到满足,造成农村副业门路减少。在合作化运动高潮中和合作化完成后,一些农业生产合作社对生产缺乏全面规划,重视农业生产,而忽视副业生产;在劳动规划上对社员个别活动的时间限制得过紧,自留地也留得过少,从而对农家副业的发展带来不利的影响。针对上述问题,各级人民政府适时出台了有利于农家副业发展的相关政策,在一定程度上改变了这些状况,但农家副业在发展中仍存在诸多困境。

Farm sideline is one of the important source of peasant income.In the process of agricultural cooperation movement,in order to increase farmers'income and solve the problem of surplus labor force,the CPC and the people's government still paid attention to the development of sideline farming.At the early stage of the agricultural cooperative movement,due to the blind opposition to"spontaneous forces"in some areas,the line between legitimate sideline and speculative business was not clearly drawn.At the same time,due to the implementation of the policy of unified purchase and marketing of grain,livestock feed and raw materials for the development of rural sideline could not be satisfied,resulting in the reduction of rural sideline business.After the climax of the cooperative movement and its completion,some agricultural production cooperatives lacked a comprehensive plan for production and attached importance to agricultural production while ignoring sideline production.In the labor planning,the time limit of individual activities of members was too tight,and the private land was too litle,which brought adverse effects on the development of farm sideline.In view of the above problems,the people's governments at all levels timely issued relevant policies conducive to the development of rural sideline,to a certain extent to change these conditions,but there were still many difficulties in the development of rural sideline.