粮食中新兴真菌毒素的污染现状及毒理学研究进展

Updates of Natural Occurrence and Toxicology Studies of Emerging Toxins in Grains

真菌毒素是产毒真菌污染谷物粮食等农产品产生有毒有害的次级代谢产物,严重威胁食用和饲用产品的质量安全。较为常见的真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素、镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮等,国内外针对这些主要污染毒素制定了相应的限量标准。近年来,随着真菌毒素研究的发展和检测技术的更新,一些新型真菌毒素不断被发现。新兴毒素(Emerging toxins)是目前尚未被列入常规风险筛查和监管、也尚无相关限量标准的真菌毒素种类。目前检出频次高、污染较为严重的新兴毒素主要由镰刀菌属(Fusarium spp.)和链格孢属(Alternaria spp.)等产毒真菌产生。这些新兴真菌毒素通常与主要毒素复合污染,文章将依据现有的风险调查报告与数据,综述粮食中常见新兴镰刀菌和链格孢毒素的污染现状和毒理学研究进展,为真菌毒素的全面风险评估和管控技术研发提供参考。

Toxigenic fungi contaminate grains and other agricultural products producing toxic and harmful secondary metabolites,called mycotoxins,seriously threatening the quality and safety of edible and feed products.The major mycotoxins include aflatoxins,Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone,etc.The maximum limit standards for these major toxins have been established worldwide.In recent years,with the progress of mycotoxin research and the update of detection technology,several new fungal metabolites(mycotoxins)have been frequently detected.Metabolites that are neither routinely determined,nor legislatively regulated,have been defined as‘emerging mycotoxins’.At present,emerging toxins with a high prevalence are mainly produced by toxin-producing fungi,such as Fusarium spp.and Alternaria spp,etc.These emerging mycotoxins are usually co-contaminated with the major toxins.In this paper,the existing natural occurrence and toxicology of the emerging Fusarium and Alternaria toxins in cereals and their products were summarized to provide reference for comprehensive risk assessment and development of control technologies of these emerging toxins.