日本幕末的《孙子·用间篇》注释——以反间问题和下策问题为主题

Notes on the Chapter of Use of Spies in The Art of War in the End of the Tokugawa Shogunate Period in Japan--Taking the Counterespionage Issues and the Unwise Decision Issues as the Subject

《孙子》东传后对日本产生了重要影响。德川幕府末期的动荡时期,人们试图从《孙子》中寻求应对之策。其中,关于《用间篇》的解读尤为引人注目。本文以十八—十九世纪的六部《孙子》注释书为基础,围绕《用间篇》中的“反间问题”与“下策问题”展开研究。尽管六位注者的理解各有不同,但都未否定“用间”本身,作者认为“反间问题”与“下策问题”并非一国一时独有,或许是世界兵学思想史中的一般性问题。本文有三个特点:其一,在强调《孙子》是“用间论”之滥觞的同时,也展示了其在江户日本的流变经纬;其二,在侧重日本幕末孙子兵学研究的同时,亦不乏对古今中日兵学思想的整体观照;其三,在呈现前近代日本兵学思想面貌的同时,还显示出现代日本学者的研究风格。

The Art of War had an important impact on Japan after it was spread eastward.During the turbulent period at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate,the Japanese people tried to seek solutions from The Art of War.Among them,the interpretation of Use of Spies was particularly eye-catching.This article is based on six commentaries on The Art of War from the 18th to 19th centuries,and focuses on the“counterespionage issues”and the“unwise decision issues”in the chapter of Use of Spies.Although the six annotators have different understandings,none of them deny the“use of spies”itself.The author believes that the“counterespionage issues”and the“unwise decision issues”are not unique to one country or one time.They may be a general problem in the history of world military thought.This article has three characteristics:first,while emphasizing that The Art of War is the origin of“use of spies”,it also shows its evolution in Edo Japan;second,while focusing on the study of Sun Zi’s military science at the end of the Tokugawa period in Japan,there is also an overall view of ancient and modern Chinese and Japanese military thought;thirdly,while presenting the appearance of pre-modern Japanese military thought,it also shows the research style of modern Japanese scholars.