数字时代大数据辅助司法证明的构造及其风险防控

Construction and Risk Prevention of Big Data-assisted Judicial Proof in Digital Age

“大数据辅助证明”有助于提升事实认定的科学性与准确性。大数据辅助证明以整体主义为指引,在证据推理环节通过大数据技术高效组织数据,整合经验概括对个案中的推论命题和要件事实等的确定形成类型化指引;在证据评价环节可以辅助证据标准的数据化校验与证明力概率评价的科学化。如果对大数据智能产生非理性崇拜,那么其有可能异化为新的神明裁判方式,侵蚀理性主义传统,导致认知偏差难以得到控制,证明责任的界限模糊化,以及用“客观规律”代替“认识论概率”等问题,而且会增加事实认定在各方面的附随风险。为应对挑战,司法证明的重心应当从“信息规制”迈向“风险防控”,并坚守数据技术的辅助性,诉讼主体的认知交互性和证明的外部可检验性原则。当大数据辅助证明诱发的风险无法通过隔离、警示和对抗等手段预防时,应当合理分配证明过程中的风险。

Big data-assisted proofing enhances the scientificity and accuracy of fact identification.Guided by holism,efficiently organizing data through big data technology and integrating experience allows for proof-form type guidance in the evidential reasoning process by summarizing inferential propositions and facts in cases.Evidence evaluation can be aided by data verification of evidence standards and scientific probability evaluation of proof power.If big data intelligence is worshipped irrationally,it may become a new form of divine judgment.The rationalist tradition may be eroded by big data-assisted proof,which can also lead to problems,such as the challenge of controlling cognitive bias,blurring out of the burden of proof,and replacing epistemological probability with objective law.Furthermore,the risks of fact-finding are multiplied in terms of error,cost,tort,and ethics.To cope with the challenges,the emphasis on judicial proof should shift from information regulation to risk prevention,and stick to auxiliary data technology,cognitive interaction between litigation subjects and external testability of evidence.If isolation,warning,or countermeasures are not enough to prevent the risk induced by the big data auxiliary proof,the risk in the proof process must be apportioned reasonably.The development and reflection of intelligent proof verification systems and social risk assessment systems can benefit from clarifying the structure and risks of big data-assisted proof.