可通约性与经济核算:评米塞斯对社会主义计划经济的批判

Commensurability and Economic Accounting:A Review of Ludwig von Mises’ Critique of Socialist Planned Economy

米塞斯对社会主义计划经济的可行性提出了著名的可通约性诘难:从“人的行动学”出发,米塞斯认为经济领域目的与手段之间错综复杂的关系要求经济行动具有可计算性,后者则要求经济产品具有可通约性,而货币是唯一可赋予产品以可通约性的交换工具。米塞斯据此认为马克思主义扬弃货币的自由人联合体构想是不可行的。这种诘难陷入了商品拜物教的思维陷阱。在对价值规律的认识上,米塞斯将价值规律视为社会按比例分配劳动、节约劳动时间的唯一实现形式,从而错把货币核算视为最精确的核算方式。在对生产方式的理解上,米塞斯将资本主义视为永恒的生产方式,从而错把产品的可通约性视为社会组织生产的必要条件。在处理劳动与货币的关系时,米塞斯没有追问货币形式的起源,从而错把货币视为商品具有可通约性的原因。

Ludwig von Mises raised a famous question about the commensurability of socialist planned economy.From human action,Mises believed that the complex relationship between economic goals and means required economic actions to be computable,which required economic products to be commensurable,and currency was the only exchange tool that can endow products with commensurability.On the basis of this assumption,Mises believed that the Marxist concept of association of free individuals abandoning currency was not feasible.This kind of questioning has fallen into the thinking trap of commodity fetishism.Mises regarded the law of value as the only way for the society to allocate labor proportionally and save labor time,thus mistaking monetary accounting as the most accurate accounting method.In terms of understanding the mode of production,Mises regarded capitalism as an eternal mode of production,thus mistaking the commensurability of products as a prerequisite for organizing social production.When dealing with the relationship between labor and currency,Mises did not inquire about the origin of the form of currency,thus mistaking currency as the reason for the commensurability of commodities.