论苏轼“有为而作”的讽喻诗学思想

On Su Shi’s Allegorical Poetic Thoughts of“Literature Created for Social Purpose”

中国古典诗歌具有关注现实、批判现实的讽喻功用,这种文学与现实的紧密联通关系在士大夫参政议政的宋代社会表现得格外显著。苏轼提倡“有为而作”的诗歌讽喻精神,批评晚唐五代诗风的过分雕琢,坚持诗歌创作要针对现实弊病直言讽刺,传达出人自觉的主体意识和忧国忧民、心系天下的家国情怀。与此同时,激烈政党斗争使文学讽喻精神变得模糊多义,乌台诗案的文字狱经历更促使苏轼及宋诗坛对讽喻诗学思想进行反省,导致苏轼转而追求内心的自适,也引起宋诗坛向温柔敦厚诗风靠近,这些转变总体来说仍属于儒家诗学范畴,表现了宋诗人对讽谏劝诫的顽强坚持和力求补偏救弊的士人风范。

Chinese classical poetry serves the allegorical function of paying attention to the reality and criticizing the reality.This close connection between literature and reality is particularly prominent in the Song Dynasty when scholar-bureaucrats generally participated in the discussion of state affairs.Su Shi advocates the allegorical function of poetry,criticizes the excessive embellishment of the poetic style in the Late Tang and Five Dynasties,and insists that poems should be written to address the ills of reality in a satirical manner,conveying the poet’s self-consciousness and his concerns about the country and the people.Meanwhile,the fierce political party struggle makes literary allegory vague and ambiguous,and the experience of Wutai poetry case further prompts Su Shi and the Song poetry circle to reflect on the allegory poetics,which leads Su Shi to pursue inner self-adaptation,and it also causes the Song poetry circle to approach the gentle and generous poetry style.In general,these changes still belong to the category of Confucian poetics,and they show the Song poets’tenacious persistence in the ironic function of the poetry and the literati demeanor of striving to correct the wrongs.