第53届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题介绍及解答

Problem and solution of the 53rd International Physics Olympiad experimental exam

第53届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛的2道实验试题为“质量测量”和“利用双折射测量厚度”.“质量测量”题目借鉴了基布尔秤的基本思想,涉及胡克定律、安培力、电磁感应定律和弹簧振子共振方面的知识,考查选手的基本测量、数据处理(如曲线改直)、作图和不确定度评定方面的能力;“利用双折射测量厚度”题目要求自行搭建类似分光计的装置,借助光栅衍射进行光谱测量,并结合偏振光干涉来测量双折射材料的厚度,题目对仪器调节的要求比较高,测量数据量也比较大.本文主要介绍实验试题和参考答案.

The experiment exam of the 53rd International Physics Olympiad was introduced.The exam included two independent tasks which were“mass measurement”and“thickness measurement using birefringence”.The exam of“mass measurement”drew on the basic idea of the Keble scale,included the knowledge of Hooke’s law,Amperage force,electromagnetic induction law,and spring oscillator resonance,examined the ability of the contestants in basic measurement,data processing,mapping and uncertainty assessment.The exam of“thickness measurement using birefringence”requested to build own device like a spectrometer,made spectral measurements by grating diffraction,combined with polarized light interference to measure the thickness of the birefringent materia.The exam of the instrument adjustment requirements was relatively high and the amount of measurement data was also relatively large.In this paper,the test questions and reference answers were introduced in detail.