《民法典》施行后出卖人在所有权保留中的别除权

Seller's Exclusionary Right in Retention of Title after the Implementation of the Civil Code

《民法典》引入了功能主义担保观,所有权保留基于其“担保功能”的特性可被纳入非典型担保中,但是仍具有形式主义色彩。学界对于所有权保留的法律性质有诸多争论,体现到破产程序中,便是赋予出卖人取回权或别除权的问题。在当前《民法典》背景下,所有权保留的法律性质具有双重性,单纯偏重所有权性质或担保权性质,不能完整地概括其本质。《企业破产法》基于以往的形式主义观念对所有权保留出卖人赋予取回权的模式遇到了诸多问题,别除权模式具有取回权模式所没有的优势,但是完全基于所有权保留出卖人权利的担保权属性,在破产程序中赋予其别除权,同样会导致形式主义担保观下片面侧重某一特性而忽略另一特性的问题。因此,应具体问题具体分析,判断所有权保留中哪一特性起决定作用。德国的取回权与别除权二分模式有可借鉴之处,不妨将所有权保留类型化处理,对简单的所有权保留采取取回权模式,对担保属性更强的延伸的所有权保留采取别除权模式。

The Civil Code introduces a functionalist view of security,whereby retention of title,by virtue of its“security function”,may be included in atypical security,which remains formalistic.There are many debates on the legal nature of retention of title,which is reflected in insolvency proceedings,such as the question of granting the seller a right of retraction or an exclusionary right.In this article,the legal nature of retention of title is consid-ered to be dualistic in the context of the current Civil Code,and its essence cannot be fully encapsulated by focusing on a single characteristic,such as the nature of ownership or the nature of a security right.The model in our Insol-vency Law that granted a right of return to the retention-of-title seller on the basis of the previous formalistic concept had encountered many problems,and the exclusionary rights model had advantages that the right of return model did not have.However,granting an exclusionary right in insolvency proceedings based solely on the attributes of a security right in the rights of a retention-of-title seller is equally guilty of focusing on one attribute to the exclusion of another under the formalist view of security.The nature of a matter is determined by the main aspect of the main contradiction,and the question should be analyzed on a case-by-case basis in order to determine which of the char-acteristics of the retention of title is decisive.As far as the extraterritorial model is concerned,Germany's dichotomy model of right of retraction and right of exclusion has something to learn from,and it may be worthwhile to deal with the retention of title in a typological way,i.e.adopting the model of right of retraction for the simple retention of ti-tle to reduce the cost of the system change,and adopting the model of exclusion of the extended retention of title with stronger security attributes to comply with the requirements of the practice and promote the development of the economy.