社会政策的概念、范式与理论框架——兼论社会政策的历史渊源

Concepts,Paradigms,and Theoretical Framework of Social Policy:A Historical Inquiry into Its Origins

社会政策是一个极为重要的学术领地和政策场域,但其基础概念、范围边界和历史脉络仍有许多模糊之处。本文尝试沿着历史和理论两条发展线索来梳理澄清社会政策的概念、范式与框架。历史上,社会政策起源于德国和英国。在19世纪中期的德国,“讲坛社会主义者”着眼于国民经济大视野创建和发展了社会政策的概念,并建立了影响深远的“社会政策协会”。英国则是在费边社会主义思潮的影响下于20世纪中叶开启了对社会政策的概念论述,并将其作为实现渐进式社会改良的重要途径之一。理论上,盎格鲁-撒克逊和德国学术界对社会政策进行了概念界定和学科范围划定,促使其在综合汲取的基础上逐步完成了知识构建的自主化和本我化。基于社会政策的历史和理论叙事,本文从互助馈赠关系、国家与社会之间的“区分”和“介入”关系,以及社会与系统“双整合”功能三个层面来建构现代社会政策理论。本文的边际贡献是在社会政策与普遍社会科学理论之间建立理论对话的通道,为社会政策提供一般意义上的理论解释框架。

Social policy stands as a pivotal academic and policy domain,yet significant ambiguities persist regarding its foundational concepts,scope delineations,and historical contexts.This article endeavors to elucidate and refine the concepts,paradigms,and frameworks of social policy through a dual lens of historical lineage and theoretical evolution.Historically,the roots of social policy extend to Germany and the UK.In mid-19th century Germany,“Academic Socialists”pioneered the conceptualization and advancement of social policy,grounding their efforts in the national economic perspective and culminating in the establishment of the influential“Social Policy Association”.Concurrently,in the UK,spurred by the influence of Fabian socialism,the conceptual discourse surrounding social policy emerged in the mid-20th century,recognized as a pivotal avenue for effecting progressive social reform.Theoretically,Anglo-Saxon and German academic traditions have conceptually defined social policy and outlined its disciplinary boundaries,fostering the gradual autonomy and individuation of knowledge construction through comprehensive learning.Building upon the historical and theoretical narrative of social policy,this article constructs a modern social policy theory grounded in three levels:the reciprocity and altruism nexus,the“differentiation”and“intervention”interplay between the state and society,and the pivotal“double integration”function bridging societal and systemic realms.The marginal contribution of this article lies in establishing a conduit for theoretical discourse between social policy and broader social science theories,thereby furnishing a general theoretical explanatory framework for the study of social policy.