苹婆种实生长发育过程中其形态及种仁内含物的动态变化

Dynamics of fruit seeds growth and internal substances for Sterculia monosperma’s fruits and seeds

【目的】为苹婆合理施肥及适时采收提供参考依据。【方法】以自选优系‘南亚1号’苹婆为研究对象,自谢花后20 d开始,定期测定苹婆种实大小、种实质量及种仁中淀粉、可溶性糖、蛋白质、粗脂肪和原果胶的含量等指标,探索苹婆果实形成规律和主要营养物质动态变化规律。【结果】苹婆种实大小和质量变化均呈单“S”形趋势,即缓慢增加、快速增加、缓慢增长。5月12日—6月12日为果实纵、横径快速增长期,其间出现了2个增长高峰;6月2—22日为果实质量快速增长期,仅出现1个增长高峰;6月2日—7月12日为种子质量快速增长期,其间出现了2个增长高峰;淀粉含量呈现先下降后上升趋势,6月22日—7月22日为淀粉快速积累期;可溶性糖含量呈整体逐步上升趋势;蛋白质含量表现出先增加、后逐渐减少、最后快速上升的变化规律;粗脂肪含量在整个果实发育过程中的变化不是很大,变化幅度不超过35%;原果胶含量在发育过程中呈先逐步下降、后快速上升的趋势,6月22日—7月22日为原果胶含量快速增长期。【结论】谢花后30~60 d是决定种实大小和质量的关键时期,也是提高产量的关键时期,此时期需肥量大,施肥应以水溶速效肥为主;谢花后60~100 d为种仁逐渐成熟、种仁内含物累积转化的关键期,也是果实品质提升的关键时期,应在6月上旬补施钾肥;谢花后100 d果实完全成熟,种仁淀粉、可溶性糖、粗脂肪和原果胶的含量达到最高值,7月下旬是采收苹婆果实的最佳时间。

【Objective】To provide a reference basis for reasonable fertilization and timely harvesting of Sterculia monosperma.【Method】With the self-selected superior strain‘Nanya 1’S.monosperma as the research object,the size and mass of fruits and seeds,starch content,soluble sugar,protein,crude fat and protopectin in the seed kernel of S.monosperma were measured regularly starting from 20 d after flowering,so as to explore the formation law of S.monosperma fruits and the dynamic change law of the main nutrients.【Result】The seed size and mass of S.monosperma showed a single“S”-shaped pattern,i.e.,the trend of slow increase,rapid increase,slow increase.There were two growth peaks during the period from May 12 to July 12,when the fruit diameter and transverse diameter grew rapidly;there was only one growth peak in fruit mass from June 2 to June 22;there were two growth peaks during the period from June 2 to July 12,when the seeds grew rapidly;the starch content showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing,and the period from June 22 to July 22 was a period of rapid starch accumulation;the soluble sugar content showed an overall trend of gradual increase;the protein content showed a pattern of first increasing and then gradually decreasing and finally increasing rapidly;the crude fat did not change greatly throughout the fruit development process.The change of crude fat throughout the fruit development process was not very large,and the change did not exceed 35%;the content of protopectin showed a trend of gradually decreasing and then rapidly increasing during the development process,and the period from June 22 to July 22 was the period of rapid growth of protopectin.【Conclusion】30-60 d after flowering is the key period to determine the size and mass of the seeds,but also to improve the yield of the key period,this period requires a large amount of fertilizer,fertilization should be mainly water-soluble fast-acting fertilizer;60-100 d after flowering is the seed kernel gradually mature,the seed kernel contains the accumulation of material transformation of the key period,but also the key period to improve the quality of the fruit,should be supplemented with potassium fertilizer in early June;100 d after flowering,the fruit is fully ripe,the seed kernel starch content,soluble sugar content,crude fat content and raw pectin content reached the highest value,late July is the best time to harvest S.monosperma.