既有建筑改造防火性能评价体系和方法研究

A Study of Evaluation System and Methods of Fire Protection in the Renovation of Existing Buildings

当前,我国城市建设模式已从大规模拆旧建新转向存量增效,党的二十大报告中明确提出“实施城市更新行动”。既有建筑改造作为城市更新的重要载体,事关人民群众的幸福感、获得感、安全感。在消防标准规范适用中,如何在兼顾既有建筑改造的经济性的同时又确保建筑消防安全,是亟待解决的关键问题。在总结国内既有建筑改造防火设计经验和研究国外既有建筑改造消防安全评估方法的基础上,以现行规范为基准,按改造后的实际使用功能,将既有建筑防火设计与现行规范不一致的条目(即偏离项)分为4种类型。同时根据偏离项可能导致的火灾风险高低或与规范的偏离程度,提出了豁免法和等效替代法对既有建筑的防火设计进行定性/定量的评估,以达到规范等同的安全标准。提出的既有建筑消防评估体系和方法可破解我国既有建筑改造的消防难题。

At present,the urban construction in China has shifted from large-scale demolition of old buildings to the re-using of existing buildings effectively.The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed the“implementation of urban renewal action”.As an important means of the action,the renovation of existing buildings is related to the happiness,as well as the sense of achievement and safety of the people.In the application of fire safety standards and regulations,a key issue to be urgently solving is to balance the economy of existing building renovation while ensuring its fire safety.First,the experience of fire protection design in existing building renovation in China was summarized and the fire safety assessment methods for existing building renovation in foreign countries is studied in this paper.Then,Based on the current specifications,according to the actual use function of the transformation,the existing architectural fire prevention design is divided into 4 types(ie,deviation items)that are inconsistent with the current specifications.Finally,based on the potential fire risk caused by the deviated items or the degree of deviation from the current specification,a number of methods,e.g.,exemption method or equivalent substitution method,are proposed to evaluate the fire prevention design of existing buildings to achieve an equivalent level of safety comparing to the current code.The fire protection evaluation system and method proposed in this paper can solve the fire protection problems in the renovation of existing buildings in China.