重构社会工作“人在环境中”实践框架的理论基础(上):西方社会工作理论模式评述

Review on Theoretical Models of Western Social Work:Reconstruction of the Theoretical Foundation of“Person-in-Environment”of SocialWork Practice(up part)

社会工作理论来自一般社会科学,但并非机械应用社会理论,而是在理论启发下提升实践的有效性。社会工作理论是为了阐明干预过程和实践理由的理论,不是为了解释一般社会规律的理论。本系列论文(分为上、中、下3篇)系统评述了社会工作理论的分类方式、构建原理,围绕社会科学中的人观、发展观和实践观,重构了社会工作“人在环境中”实践框架的理论分类模式,用生命历程理论和反思实践理论作为“人在环境中”的实践框架的理论基础,试图超越通用社会工作的生态系统论。本文是《重构社会工作“人在环境中”实践框架的理论基础》系列文章的上篇,着重对社会工作实务的理论来源和分类模式进行回顾与评论。本文认为,无论是大卫·豪借鉴组织社会学的二维四象分类法,还是马尔科姆·佩恩的基于建构主义发生学的实务模式归类法,以及与其类似的约翰·科茨的三分法,乃至罗伯特·穆拉利的基于意识形态的左、中、右的连续统分类法,都不是基于社会工作实践的核心概念——“人在环境中”的成长改变——来寻找理论资源,而是把某种分类框架套在了实务模式上,或者只是基于实务模式进行简单的归纳分类。这样恰恰导致理论与实践的断裂,并没有提出适合社会工作实践要素的真正理论基础。在此基础上,本文提出了重构社会工作实践模式的理论基础的基本原则:它必须是能对案主的日常生活实践进行干预、阐明的双重实践理论;它必须是基于“人在环境中”的人与环境的交互实践理论;它必须是能够整合价值理性与实践逻辑的双重理性。为此,必须从人的构成性、人的成长模式和人的实践场域三重理论出发,来构建社会工作实践的理论基础。

Though social work theories are from social sciences,they are not for mechanically applying of social theories but for illustrating the validity of practice.Social work theories are theories of elucidating the reasons of interventional practice process,rather than theories of general rule and law of social phenomenon.This series of essays includes up,middle and down three articles,which systematically review the classification models and construction ways of western social work theories,construct a new theoretical foundation of“Person-in-Environment”of social work practice based on sorting out the viewpoints about human being,development and practice from social sciences.It suggests that we could substitute ecosystem theories as the foundation of generalist social work with the life history theory and reflective practice theory.As the first article of a series of essays which reconstruct theoretical foundation of practice framework of“Person-in-Environment”of social work,it focus on reviews on the sources of theories and classification models of western social work.This article argues that no matter of the classification of two dimensions and four quadrants of David Howe borrowed from organizational sociology,induced models of practice based on constructive genetics of Malcom Payne and resembled trinity classification of John Coats,or the continuum of ideology from left to right of Robert Mullaly,all of them are not around the core concept of social work practice—change or development of“Person-in-Environment”to seek theory resources,rather than putting any classification framework on social work practice,or simply inducing some models from and classifying social work practice.Such as,Howe borrowed the classification framework from organizational sociologist,and modified it to fit social work practice models;Payne induced some concepts from social work practice and clustered them together to constitute his classifications;Mullaly adopted political ideology continuum as the tool to classifying social work practice;Coats presented his classification of social work practice mainly depend on three types of political theory,that are individualisttherapy strategy,collectivist-reformist strategy,critical political economy.It results in the rupture between theory and practice,rather than founds the theoretical foundation for social work practice.Based on the critical review on the sources of theories and classification models of western social work,this article proposes the principle of reconstruction of theoretical foundation of social work practice:it must be double practice theory so as to elucidate the professional intervention to everyday life practice of client;it must be based on transaction between person and environment;it must be double reasonability which include values reasons and practice mechanism.For the above purpose,this article argues that we must start from triple theory about constructiveness of human being,human development and practice field of human development to construct the theoretical foundation of social work practice.For further explanation of every level of the triple theory,we will present each of them in the middle part and down part of this series.