实践的偏移与理性建构:社会工作服务中儿童权利观的实践反思——基于一项儿童暑期托管服务的分析

Deviation of Practice and the Construction of Rationality:Practical Reflections on the Child Rights Perspective in SocialWork Services

儿童权利观是儿童社会工作的前提和中心。然而,儿童权利观偏移现象在社会工作服务中时有发生。本文借助儿童权利观这一视角,参与观察一项儿童暑期托管服务,并深度访谈相关儿童社会工作者,发现儿童权利观偏移表现为机构社会工作者采取“懂事”与“不懂事”的话语论述评价儿童,服务流程中儿童参与有限以及社会工作者的行为主义行动倾向。究其原因,社会工作者的多元儿童观的交互影响以及“权威—服从”式教育惯习对社会工作服务的塑造。这最终导致儿童社会工作服务丧失“社会性”,效果适得其反。为此,建构社会工作服务儿童权利理性的策略是健全儿童权利观培训,强化督导监督职责,拓展儿童参与空间以及开展社会倡导。

The conception of children's rights is the premise and center of social work services for children.The notion,methods,and evaluation process of children's social work services need to highlight children's rights in order to achieve better service results.However,during the process of participative observation in a summer care service for children,the author found that there is a deviation in the conception of children's rights in social work services.The concept of children's rights has gone through a long process of evolution and development from its inception to becoming well-known to people.It can be divided into the stage of discovering children's rights after the Renaissance,the stage of initial implementation of children's rights in the 19th century,and the stage of children's rights deeply rooted in people's hearts in the 20th century.Especially since the 20th century,the Convention on the Rights of the Child has established four types of children's rights in the form of international law:the right to participation,the right to protection,the right to survival,and the right to development.China also signed the treaty in 1992.There are many difficulties in implementing the conception of children's rights in China.Firstly,the implementation of the conception of children's rights in China is hindered by many factors,including traditional filial piety culture and education,as well as outdated concepts such as child instrumentalism,paternalism,paternalism,conservatism,and skepticism due to institutional failures.Secondly,there are still significant contradictions in China's child welfare system that cannot be ignored.Finally,in the process of implementing the conception of children's rights in China,there are also problems such as fragmented child welfare supply,insufficient accuracy,and a lack of subjectivity.The primary measure to implement and protect children's rights is to improve laws and regulations and improve the child welfare system.This article focuses on the deviation in the conception of children's rights among social workers.Based on existing research,it analyzes the issues of children's rights views in the field of social work,summarizes the causes and results of the deviation in the conception of children's rights among social workers,and proposes strategies to construct a rational understanding of children's rights.The deviation in the conception of children's rights among social workers is reflected in the use of“sensible”and“ignorant”language by social workers to evaluate children,the neglect of children's participation rights in the service process,and the application of behaviorism theory.To investigate the reason,the interactive influence of diverse notion on children and the influence of"authority obedience"educational habits on shaping social work services contribute a lot to the deviation in the conception of children's rights.The deviation in the conception of children's rights among children's social workers has resulted in the loss of the"sociality"of children's social work.Based on this,this article further proposes suggestions for building a rational service for children's rights in children's social work from four aspects:cultivation strategy,supervision mechanism,service design,and social advocacy.These suggestions include improving the training system for social workers on children's rights and strengthening the stance on children's rights;Strengthen supervision responsibilities and focus on building a supervision mechanism for children's services;Expand the space for children's participation in services,highlight children's subjectivity,and play the role of social workers and advocates,awakening public awareness of rights.