马克思主义主体关系思想对西方哲学与中国传统哲学的超越

The Transcendence of Marxist Subject Relation to Western Philosophy and Chinese Traditional Philosophy

人类基于交往实践而对主体关系理论的思考和探索由来已久。作为西方哲学发展重要阶段的理论标志和近代以来西方哲学的轴心问题,不论是认识论意义上的主体间性,还是本体论意义上的主体间性,都不可避免地带有自身的缺陷和乌托邦性质。中国传统哲学虽然没有明确提出主体间性概念,但蕴含着丰富的主体关系思想,长期引导和规约着人们的交往行为,生成和改变着人们的交往规则和社会关系。马克思主义哲学既不存在主体性思想空场,也不存在主体关系理论空白。马克思恩格斯以科学的实践观为基础,以“现实的个人”为出发点,以对资本主义条件下人与人之间关系资本化、畸形化的现实批判为基点,以建立每个人自由全面发展的共产主义社会为目标指向,形成了系统而科学的主体关系思想,实现了对西方哲学和中国传统哲学在主体关系理论上的超越。这种超越对中国式现代化具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。

Human beings have a long history of thinking and exploring the theory of subject relation based on the practice of communication.As a theoretical symbol of an important stage in the development of Western philosophy and the axis of Western philosophy in modern times,whether it is inter-subjectivity in the epistemological sense or the inter-subjectivity in the ontological sense,it inevitably carries its own flaws and utopian nature.Although traditional Chinese philosophy does not clearly propose the concept of inter-subjectivity,it contains a wealth of inter-subjectivity ideas,which have long guided and regulated people's communication behaviors,and generated and changed people's communication rules and social relations.In Marxist philosophy,there is neither an empty field of subjective thought nor a gap of inter-subjective thought.With the discovery of new materialism and the liquidation of Hegelian idealism,Marx and Engels took the reality criticism of the capitalization and deformity of the relationship between people under capitalist conditions as the basic point,and based on the scientific concept of practice.Taking the“realistic individual”as the starting point and the goal of establishing a communist society in which everyone develops freely and comprehensively,a systematic and scientific theory of inter-subjectivity has been formed.This transcendence has important theoretical and practical significance for Chinese modernization.