保险法解除权与民法撤销权制度竞合的体系规整

Systematic Regulation of System Coopetition Between the Right of Rescission Under Insurance Law and the Right of Revocation Under Civil Law

在投保人违反如实告知义务时可能发生保险法上解除权与民法上撤销权的适用选择问题。两者之间并非特别法与一般法的关系,其构成要件部分交叉,属于两类法律制度的竞合,此时应通过体系解释与价值权衡划定各自的适用空间。其一,当投保人一方故意违反如实吿知义务时,保险人除了可以依据保险法解除合同之外,还可以根据民法上的欺诈规定撤销合同,这是遏制投保人一方道德风险的必要举措,以及维持风险共同体存续与内含了私法全部价值的诚信原则的当然要求。况且,禁止保险人于此时行使撤销权亦无法阻止其通过缔约过失责任、纯粹经济损失赔偿等路径寻求救济。其二,当投保人一方因重大过失违反如实吿知义务时,保险人仅可解除合同,而不得依民法上的重大误解规定撤销合同。这是因为彼时投保人的行为能否同时构成重大误解并不确定,且此种解释能适配投保人故意违反如实告知义务时的撤销权适用规则,有利于保险法和民法的体系规整,亦不会导致部门法之间的冲突。

When the applicant violates the obligation of truthful disclosure, there may be a problem of the applicable choice between the right to terminate a contract in the insurance law and the right to avoid a contract in the civil law. The relationship between them is not special law and general law. Its constituent elements are partly overlapping, which belongs to the concurrence of two legal systems. At this time, their respective application space should be defined through system interpretation and value judgement. First,when the applicant deliberately violates the disclosure obligation, the insurer can not only terminate the contract in accordance with the insurance law, but also avoid the contract in accordance with the fraud provisions of the civil law. This is a necessary measure to contain the moral hazard of the applicant, to maintain the survival of the risk community and implement the principle of good faith. Second, when the policyholder violates the disclosure obligation due to gross negligence, the insurer can only terminate the contract and may not avoid the contract according to the provisions of the civil law. This is because it is uncertain whether the behavior of the policyholder at that time could simultaneously constitute a significant misunderstanding, and this interpretation can adapt to the applicable rules of the termination right when the insured intentionally violates the obligation, which is conducive to the system coordination of the insurance law and the civil law, and will not lead to the conflict between the departmental laws.