20世纪日本的妇女解放斗争与法律发展

Struggle for Women’s Liberation and Legal Development in the 20th Century Japan

妇女解放是包含男性在内的“人的解放”政治课题的一种特殊形态。资本主义条件下的男女不平等是资本主义阶级差别在妇女及其活动场域中的具体形式。割裂妇女解放斗争与工人解放运动的关系,将妇女解放曲解为针对男性的斗争,以及围绕职场与家庭之间的所谓经验化论争,均无法为妇女解放提供真正的理论指导。由于日本资本主义的特殊形态及具体展开的历史过程,20世纪日本妇女解放运动艰辛曲折,发展缓慢。虽然经由二战后日本经济结构重组和社会民主化进程的带动,大众化的妇女解放运动和相应法律制度得以快速发展,但妇女的生活实际与既有法律之间存在巨大距离,妇女权益保护更表现出局域化、碎片化局面。立足妇女与工人阶级的内在联系,统摄妇女权益内部差别,构筑新的妇女解放的法学理论,推进妇女权益的社会实质平等,是日本马克思主义法学必须承担的时代课题。

Women’s liberation is a specific form of the political issue of“the liberation of people(including men)”.Gender inequality under capitalism is a concrete form of capitalist class differences in the field of women’s activities.Separating the struggle for women’s liberation from the workers’liberation movement,misinterpreting women’s liberation as a struggle against men,and engaging in so-called experiential debates regarding of the workplace and the family fails to provide genuine theoretical guidance for women’s liberation.Due to the unique nature of Japanese capitalism and its specific historical development,the women’s liberation movement in Japan in the 20th century faced many challenges and progressed slowly.Although driven by the restructuring of Japan’s economic structure and the process of social democratization after World War II,the popular women’s liberation movement and corresponding legal system have developed rapidly,there is a significant gap between women’s actual lives and existing laws,and the protection of women’s rights has shown a localized and fragmented situation.Based on the inherent connection between women and the working class,taking into account the internal differences in women’s rights and interests,constructing a new legal theory for women’s liberation,and promoting the social substantive equality of women’s rights and interests are the epochal issues that Marxist legal studies in Japan must undertake.