论国学

On the Study of Guoxue

国学是中国古代教化官员的学堂而非其他学堂,是中国的治国之学而非中国之学。国学与阶级、私有制和国家同源,五帝及其王官在明堂上分别教化现任、候任官员如何治国富民并适当获利,国学学堂和治国学问即同时产生。周末至清末各级政府举办公办国学,春秋末至清末有识之士举办民办公助的国学,均对候任官员进行文化基础知识和治国理论的教育,具有学历教育和岗前培训的双重属性。治国学问,五帝、夏、商、周、春秋九代为先王之道,记录先王陈迹、体现先王之道的,就是春秋中晚期周天子王官定型传世的《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》《易》《春秋》六经文本;春秋战国之交,孔子师徒祖孙系统研究先王陈迹,总结发展先王之道,创造了新王之道;战国至清朝后九代,以先王之道、新王之道为理论核心,又先后吸收了战国子学、汉至清代经学的理论精华,形成了后九代的治国之学。治国之学始终是中国古代思想文化的理论渊薮。五千多年来,国学利人利己、共同富裕的本质属性,仁学、礼学的理论体系,亘古未变;但君子获利的依据,九代论功行赏,后九代按位取酬;国学的学术外延,因时空环境变化而屡有变化。

Guoxue was nothing but the academy to educate ancient Chinese officials.It was the study of governance in China,rather than the study of China.Guoxue had the same origin with class,private ownership,and the state.The Five Emperors and their officials respectively educated current and incoming officials on how to govern the country,enrich the people,and make appropriate profits in the Mingtang.As a result,both Guoxue academy and governance knowledge emerged simultaneously.From the end of the Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty,governments at all levels held public traditional Chinese studies,and from the end of the Spring and Autumn Period to the end of the Qing Dynasty,knowledgeable individuals held private and public assisted traditional Chinese studies.Both provided education on cultural foundations and governance theories to appointed officials,with dual attributes of academic education and pre-employment training.In terms of governance,the Five Emperors,Xia,Shang,Zhou,and Spring and Autumn Nine Dynasties employed the ways of the former kings.The records of the deeds of the former kings and the ways of the former kings were embodied in the six classic texts of“Shi”,“Shu”,“Li”,“Yue”,“Yi”,and“Spring and Autumn”that were finalized and passed down by the royal officials of the Zhou Dynasty in the middle and late Spring and Autumn period;At the turn of the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period,Confucius and his disciples systematically studied the deeds of the late kings,summarized and developed the way of the late kings,and created the new way of kings;From the Warring States Period to the later nine dynasties of the Qing Dynasty,the theory core was the doctrine of the former king and the doctrine of the new king,and the theory essence of the Confucian classics from the Warring States Period to the Qing Dynasty was successively absorbed,forming the theory of governing the country in the later nine dynasties.The study of governance had always been the theoretical foundation of ancient Chinese thought and culture.For over five thousand years,the essential attribute of Guoxue,which benefits people and oneself,and promotes common prosperity,as well as the theoretical system of benevolence and ritual studies,has remained unchanged throughout history;But a gentleman’s profit was based on merit and reward in the ninth generation,and remuneration in the later nine generations was based on their position;The academic extension of Guoxue has undergone frequent changes due to changes in the temporal and spatial environment.